The architecture of Brasilia Essay Example For Students

The architecture of Brasilia Essay The capital of Brazil became Brasilia on 21st of April 1960. It was a new city created from scratch. It was the important achievement of the populist president Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliviera, who was in office from 1957 to 1961 (Williams 2009: 95). The city represents many identities such as a frontier city, a development project, an utopian experiment in modern urbanism, a detached center of political power and an Eldorado of opportunity. Migrants come to the city mainly for economic gain. As soon as they come across the desolate plateau, the landscape changes about 40 kilometers from the capital and they are confronted with the separation of modernist Brasilia from familiar Brazil. Brasilia starts as 14-lane speedway roars and catapults the traveler into what is hailed as the New Age of Brazil. Brasilia has become the symbol of this new age. The intention was to create not only a new city, but also a new Brazilian society (Holston 1989: 3). We will write a custom essay on The architecture of Brasilia specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Although the capital of Brazil was planned well and designed as a first modern city, it did not have the impact on society that was expected. This essay will analyze the architecture of Brasà ­lia, which reflects the divisions in 1960s Brazil between socialist and capitalist roads to development. Since Brazil was mostly rural and was not changed until the mid-1930s, a modernization was needed. At the beginning of the 20th century Brazil had only a few cities and lacked the infrastructure of their equivalents in the northern hemisphere, or, over the border, in Argentina. Political power was widely spread in disconnected fazendas, which were weak and dispersed. Most of the country stayed unexplored and in terms of population distribution and orientation, the Brazil of the 1930s had altered very little from that of the sixteenth-century. The first historian of Brazil, Frei Vicente do Salvador states that it was post-colonial in name only, in fact, remaining a colonial society in function and structure (Williams 2009: 99-100). Moreover, Brazilian cities suffered from problems of transportation, housing, public utilities, and distribution and therefore Brasà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½lia, a new, planned capital seemed to offer hope of relieving the population problems of Brazilian urban life (Epstein 1973: 9). The selection of the site was guided by three basic conditions: a central location in relation to the populated regions of the country, a location permitting easy communication with different regions of the country, and proximity to an interstate border. The most important role was to unify the country (Evenson 1973: 109). The idea and name for Brasilia actually appeared in 1789 but attained its legal form in the first Republican Constitution of 1891. The legislators argued that the move to the interior would enable the government to establish sovereignty over the entire territory of Brazil (Holston 1989: 17). Nevertheless, it took over sixty years to realize this project, intended to modernize Brazil. The entire city, which symbolizes a new future for Brazil, was an experiment built according to a plan. Brasà ­lia was a result of political will and spontaneous enthusiasm. It was not believed that a country with such a poor organization and efficiency, unable to provide adequate urban houses and services would create a new capital in an isolated wilderness (Evenson 1973: 101-102). A radical change came with the new president Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliviera, who had as his slogan: Fifty years of Progress in Five Years (Evenson 1973: 113). In fact, he wanted to turn Brazil into an industrial, first world nation in those five years. He also introduced the automobile industry in Brazil, which became one of the Brazils biggest and most strategically successful, serving not only an export market for Brazilian cars, but also defining the look of new urbanization (Williams 2009: 105-106). Kubitschek organized a national campaign to enlist people for the construction of Brasilia. It sought volunteers for three purposes: to build the capital, to supply the material, and to plan and administer the project. All of these people the so-called pioneers were recruited and lived at the construction site of the future capital. The recruitment campaign focused on popularizing the construction of Brasilia as the means to forge a new national identity. He made appeals through a media, which presented all aspects of the construction and inauguration of Brasilia as a pageant of Brazilian progress (Holston 1989: 206, 208). Furthermore, Brasà ­lia provided the first opportunity for an application of the principles of the Modern Movement, which had been known more for visionary projects than realized urban plans. The designers of Brasà ­lia had a unique possibility to make their urban ideals a reality; in other words Brasilia remains the greatest single opportunity have been given to an architect in our time (Evenson 1973: 118). A design competition was held in September 1956, by which time Kubitschek had already decided that his friend Oscar Niemeyer, Brazils leading modernist, would design the major public buildings. The winner was Là ¯cio Costa, who described his new planned city as the capital of the autostrada and the park, combining the bucolic imagery of the English new towns with that of the automotive industry (Williams 2009: 105). Brasà ­lia was also planned as the focal point of a new system of interior highways, linking the north and south Brazil providing, for the first time, a ground transportation system uniting the country from within (Evenson 1973: 102). Costa and Niemeyer viewed the stateà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s project to build a new capital as an opportunity to construct a city that would transform or at least strongly push the transformation, of Brazilian society-a project of social transformation without social upheaval (Holston 1989: 78). .ub6a3a286a5c7dce444ac007bca4b7d68 , .ub6a3a286a5c7dce444ac007bca4b7d68 .postImageUrl , .ub6a3a286a5c7dce444ac007bca4b7d68 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub6a3a286a5c7dce444ac007bca4b7d68 , .ub6a3a286a5c7dce444ac007bca4b7d68:hover , .ub6a3a286a5c7dce444ac007bca4b7d68:visited , .ub6a3a286a5c7dce444ac007bca4b7d68:active { border:0!important; } .ub6a3a286a5c7dce444ac007bca4b7d68 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub6a3a286a5c7dce444ac007bca4b7d68 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub6a3a286a5c7dce444ac007bca4b7d68:active , .ub6a3a286a5c7dce444ac007bca4b7d68:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub6a3a286a5c7dce444ac007bca4b7d68 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub6a3a286a5c7dce444ac007bca4b7d68 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub6a3a286a5c7dce444ac007bca4b7d68 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub6a3a286a5c7dce444ac007bca4b7d68 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub6a3a286a5c7dce444ac007bca4b7d68:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub6a3a286a5c7dce444ac007bca4b7d68 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub6a3a286a5c7dce444ac007bca4b7d68 .ub6a3a286a5c7dce444ac007bca4b7d68-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub6a3a286a5c7dce444ac007bca4b7d68:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Nature, Transmission, Prevention, and Treatmen EssayThe architecture of Braslia has innovative elements representing modernization and mobility. Lucio Costas Pilot Plan for Brasà ­lia is a perfect, genuine model of the modern movement in architecture in which he incorporated historical elements, baroque perspectives, and monumental land levelings that bow to antiquity and pre-Columbian America. It made reference to both the gregariousness of Brazilian colonial times and to international urban ideas-the ceremonial acropolis, the linear city, the garden city and the urbanism of commercial areas ( Kohlsdorf, Kohlsdorf and Holanda: 2009: 47). The central area is called Pilot Plan which looks from the air like a bird, an aeroplane, a tree, or the sign of the cross, depending on whose account is read. It was designed around a motorway, the 14-kilometre Eixo Rodovirio (Highway Axis) bisected by a 5-kilometre Eixo Monumental (Monumental Axis). The Eixo Monumental surrounds the citys main icons: the National Congress, the Ministries, the National Theatre and the cathedral, all designed by Oscar Niemeyer. Progress is represented in these buildings through the modernity of their materials (concrete, glass) and certain formal innovations (such as the inverted columns). Another part of the Pilot Plan is Estao Rodoviria (central bus station), which is sometimes overlooked, literally, because in some sense it is actually subterranean. Lucio Costa did not put the government buildings at the heart of the city, instead he put a transport hub, which was the centre of both the citys public transport network and its highway network. It is a building about movement and speed, connected to the modernized Brazil that the new capital was supposed to represent. The city is conceived as fundamentally mobile; the spaces themselves are undemonstrative, flexible, designed for the rapid movement of people and vehicles. (Williams 2009: 97-99). The city became an image of the car industry, because it replaced the historicist villas of the bourgeoisie with high-rises and freeways and underpasses (Williams 2009: 106). Moreover, Brasilia is the city without street corners and crowds. The absence of the traditional streets themselves is one indication of a distinctive and radical feature of modern urban organization. In place of the street, Brasilia substitutes high-speed avenues and residential cul-de-sacs; in place of pedestrian, the automobile; and in place of the system of public spaces that streets traditionally support, the vision of a modern and messianic urbanism. It forced people to stay in their apartments and replaced the spontaneity of street encounters with the formality of home visits. This interiorization of social life had the effect of restricting and ultimately constricting Brasilias social universe (Holston 1989: 101, 107). Brasilias modernist design achieves a similar kind of defamiliarization of public and private values in both the civic and the residential realms. This means that it restructures the public life of the city by eliminating the street and also it restructures the residential areas by reducing the social spaces of the private apartment in favor of a new type of residential collectivity. This design, harmonized in plan and elevation, created a kind of a new world for the government to populate after the architects unveiled the built city. As one migrant explained about her experiences in this newly inaugurated world: Everything in Brasilia was different. It was a shock, an illusion, because you did not understand where people lived, or shopped, or worked, or socialized (Holston 1989: 187). The absence of an urban crowd has earned the reputation of a city that lacks human warmth (Holston 1989: 105). Although the plan offered a solution to social stratification, many deviations appeared in the settlement and social life from the original plan. Brazilian architects were inspired by Soviet constructivism and post-Stalinist functionalism that provided more than just examples of specific architectural solutions for the Brazilians. They also provided the model of social architecture in the solution of collective problem (Holston1989: 38). The residential sectors are differentiated into four subtypes, each associated with a different form of housing, but all ultimately related in their planning to a concept of zoned, collective dwelling. Sectors of Collective Dwelling are those that consist exclusively of apartment blocks that share residential facilities and are arranged in groups within green area of public land. They are found predominantly in the Pilot Plan, where the apartment blocks are organized into units called superquadras, in which all families have the same life and rights. Costas superquadra derives directly from the Soviet Constructivist prototype for collective residence, the dom-kommuna. The planned residential unit is a self-sufficient community providing a full-range of collective services for its residents (schools, day-care centers, kitchens, clinics, shops) and that of a unit linked with similar units into a larger community (Holston 1989: 163-165). However, after completing the city, many deviations appeared in the urban settlement pattern and social life from the original plan. One of the most important deviations is that the majority of people live in different parts of the city than was originally planned and many places remain empty. There are four major areas of settlement in Brasà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½lia such as the central planned area Pilot Plan, the satellite towns, which are recognized as permanent and legal by the government and construction camps operated by private companies, but are considered temporary. Likewise in other Brazilian cities squatter settlements have been developed in Brasà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½lia, because for some people that was the only possibility. .u3892907261a4886a1f20a282c64927a9 , .u3892907261a4886a1f20a282c64927a9 .postImageUrl , .u3892907261a4886a1f20a282c64927a9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3892907261a4886a1f20a282c64927a9 , .u3892907261a4886a1f20a282c64927a9:hover , .u3892907261a4886a1f20a282c64927a9:visited , .u3892907261a4886a1f20a282c64927a9:active { border:0!important; } .u3892907261a4886a1f20a282c64927a9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3892907261a4886a1f20a282c64927a9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3892907261a4886a1f20a282c64927a9:active , .u3892907261a4886a1f20a282c64927a9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3892907261a4886a1f20a282c64927a9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3892907261a4886a1f20a282c64927a9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3892907261a4886a1f20a282c64927a9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3892907261a4886a1f20a282c64927a9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3892907261a4886a1f20a282c64927a9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3892907261a4886a1f20a282c64927a9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3892907261a4886a1f20a282c64927a9 .u3892907261a4886a1f20a282c64927a9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3892907261a4886a1f20a282c64927a9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Group and Organizational Behavior Reaction Paper EssayThe largest squatter settlement is the Social Security Invasion, which was the opposite of the Pilot Plan and had a profound effect on evolution of the city (Epstein1973: 10). The differences can be seen immediately. In the Social Security Invasion there are no paved streets, people live in wooden shacks and have no electricity and no drinking water, whereas Pilot Plan streets are paved in asphalt, houses are made of glass or cement, people have their own cars and can shop in hygienic supermarkets (Epstein1973: 106). This reproduces the distinction between privileged centre and disprivileged periphery that is one of the most basic features of the rest of urban Brazil, of the underdevelopment Brasils planners reject to deny in building their new world. The paradox of Brasilias development is not that its radical premises failed to produce something new, but rather, that what they did produce contradicted what was intended (Holston 1989: 23, 28). The city, which is one of the largest construction projects in human history, caused positive and negative reactions. For some people it symbolizes a break from the agrarian past and the life of the coastal centers into a future of pioneering growth in the interior and in the realm of industrial production, whereas for others it represented only a monumental urbanistic and social disaster, a venture into conspicuous consumption and the source of crippling inflation (Epstein 1973: 26). Besides, the first generation of migrants in postinaugural Brasilia called its impact as a brasilite, meaning Brasil(ia)-it. It is an ambiguous description, because it includes negative and positive responses to the planned city. It refers to peoples feelings about daily life without pleasures and little rituals-of the outdoor public life of other Brazilian cities. On the one hand, Brasilienses appreciated the economic opportunity and higher standard of living. In the 1980 census confirms Braslias preem inent position in Brazil as a place to work. The urban conditions and job opportunities provided in the city itself-called the Plano Piloto are very good so the quality of life in these terms is exceptional. On the other hand, the negative aspects of brasilite are linked to a negation of the familiar urban Brazil in the citys organization and architecture. The mixing of social classes in the same superquadras was seen as explosive, igniting conflicts among neighbors of different life styles and values. The uniform fades were considered monotonous and their standardization produced anonymity, not equality. People also complained about familiar style missing streets and the crowds that they had enjoyed in other cities. They found the street life cold. As a result they tried to familiarize this utopian city by putting their shops back on the street, in contact with curbs and traffic. Many bureaucrats moved out of the center, preferring to build individual houses that show off the residents wealth, status and negate the modernist aesthetic. According to peoples evaluation Braslia is quite seductive and its practical advantages come to outweigh its defamiliarizations, but what resulted was not of course the old Brazil, but neither was it the imagined city (Holston 1989: 24-25). To conclude, Brasilia was conceived as a model city, a constructed image, not of existing Brazilian conditions, but of the future of Brazil. It was also a critical utopia as an image of a future radically different from the present. Brasiliaà ¯s planners called it the capital of the twenty-first century not because they thought its design futuristic in any phantasmagoric sense. It represented for them a set of solutions to immediate development objectives that constituted a blueprint of how to get to a possible future (Holston 1989: 84-85). Brasilia is not exactly a human settlement surrounded by its history; it might indeed actually appear as unimaginative and inhumane aspects of modern civic design. According to the Italian critic Bruno Zevi, It is a city of Kafka. Brasà ¯lia presents the vision of a totally man-made environment. Although it was critized in the past, its physical image with its wide roads, uniformly modern buildings, vast monument axis, and dramatic government co mplex, has become as well-known known a symbol of Brazil as the statue of Christ on Corcovado (Evenson 1973: 103-104). Bibliography: Epstein, David G (1973), Brasà ­lia, Plan and Reality: A Study of Planned and Spontaneous Urban Development (London: University of California Press). Evenson, Norma (1973), Two Brazilian Capitals: Architecture and Urbanism in Rio De Janiero and Brasà ­lia (London: Yale University Press). Holston, James (1989), The Modernist City: An Anthropological Critique of Brasà ­lia (London: The University of Chicago Press). Kohlsdorf, Mara E; Kohlsdorf, Gunter; Holanda, Frederico (2009), Brasà ­lia: Permanence and Transformations in Contemporary Urbanism in Brazil: Beyond Brasilia, ed. Vicente del Rio and William Siembieda (Florida: The University Press) pp. 42-64. Williams, Richard J (2009), Brazil, (London: Reaktion Books).

9 Resume Mistakes That Make You Look Dumb by Lauren Gartner

9 Resume Mistakes That Make You Look Dumb 9 Resume Mistakes That Make You Look Dumb What is a resume? It is not something you send out that lists your job experience and your educational background, in the hopes that someone will read it and think you might be good for an interview. A resume is a marketing tool, and you have to get into the â€Å"feel† of marketing if you are going to sell yourself on a piece of paper. Resume Designs and Formats Resume designs have changed, and you can change your design based upon the type of organization to which you are applying – conservative, moderate, fairly progressive, and â€Å"out there.† These are things you can learn about anywhere. The other thing about resumes today is that you can format your background information in several different ways – you don’t have to go with the standard chronological order necessarily. Again, you can find examples of all types of formats online, and really good recommendations about which to use dependent upon your circumstances and the organizations to which you are applying. Dumb Mistakes You may have the greatest, most-eye-catching design and the perfect format fit for a position opening, but if you make any of these dumb mistakes, your work will find its next home in â€Å"resume heaven.† Putting an Objective at the Top of Your Resume Objectives are meaningless because they do not speak to what you can offer the organization; they only speak to what you want. A potential employer doesn’t care about what you want. S/he wants someone who can be a problem-solver for the organization. If you must have a headline, and those are good to have sometimes, make it about the specific position and what you can bring to that position. Long Prose and Sentences Think about it. When you want to read something quickly, what do you want to see? You want to see short sentences and phrases, bullet points, and really important stuff in bold or underlined. A reviewer of our resume is no different. Fast-track your accomplishments with action verbs, phrases, and bullets. Linking to All of Your Social Media Accounts Who cares if you are on Facebook – so is half the human race. If a potential employer wants to access your page, s/he will. Now, if you have a really great LinkedIn profile or an online portfolio, then that is quite another story. Definitely, link to those. Grammatical Errors and Typos Your college professors didn’t like grammar mistakes, and resume reviewers don’t either. You look either really lazy or compositionally challenged. You don’t want to â€Å"look† either. So, check your resume a bunch of times for any English mistakes and have somebody else check it too. Lying You certainly want to paint yourself as someone who has accomplished a lot, especially in those specific areas included in the job posting. But overstating your accomplishments, exaggerating your educational performance, stating you resigned when you were terminated – these things have a way of catching up, especially when background checks, references, and online research can reveal so much. If you don’t want to say you were fired, don’t. You can talk about the circumstances during the interview if you are asked. Too Long Less is really more when it comes to resumes. Be concise, and brief. When you speak to accomplishments, stop with the laundry lists. Include those that directly relate to the position you are seeking. If there isn’t a really good fit, then list the most significant ones. There will be time to speak to the others during an interview if they become relevant. Good rule of thumb: If you don’t have a lot of employment experience, one page is the max; if you are a more seasoned professional with several positions and/or a number of years of employment, two pages should be the max. Same Words Over and Over How many times can you say â€Å"developed,† or â€Å"organized,† or â€Å"lead,† or â€Å"produced?† In a resume, the answer is many! Find some synonyms for words that you are using over and over again – maybe some that â€Å"pop† or add some â€Å"sparkle.† Using Passive Voice You want to give the impression that you take action; you do that with action verbs. All accomplishments that you list should begin with an action verb (not the word â€Å"I† either). â€Å"Increased sales by 15% over a period of one quarter;† â€Å"Created new marketing strategies which increased conversions by 46%.† Now you’re an action figure! Failure to Customize If you don’t customize your resume for each position, using keywords that will be picked up by automated screening tools, then you won’t look dumb to someone reviewing your resume. Your resume will never make it to that someone at all. Any reader can pick out generic resumes – they are vague and do not speak to specifics of the position s/he has available – deleted! Use the information available to you regarding design and format. Then go through this list and make sure that you are not committing the fatal errors that will kill your chances for an interview.

Briefly explain the economies of Singapore and Hong Kong Essay

Briefly explain the economies of Singapore and Hong Kong - Essay Example The political structure of Singapore changed in 1963 when it made collaboration with Malaya and Sabah Sarawak to form Malaysia. The association tore up when Malaysia expelled her for various ethnic and political reasons. One of the main ethno-politico reasons behind the eviction of Singapore was its Chinese majority under the Peoples Action Party (PAP). The PAP was led by Lee Kuan Yew which was opposite to the Malaysian’s. The end of first opium war brought Hong Kong under the rule of the British government during 1840/41. Later in 1898 – 99, the British government acquired Honk Kong on a 99-year lease in order to extend the territory of Hong Kong. A big change came in the administration of Hong Kong in 1997 when it got independence from the British rule and reverted back to China’s authority as Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR). The 1967 pro-Communist riots threatened the administration of Hong Kong seriously after which the colonial government started modernizing the bureaucracy. This was done to strengthen the relation between government and society. The entrepot trade grew. Hong Kong became an entrepà ´t trading center that deals in the importation of manufactured goods from the west to Chinese market and in the exportation of Chinese products in the markets of the West. As the result of the unceasing political and economic instability during the colonial period, the majority of Chinese started migrating to Hong Kong. This change in the population composition of Hong Kong brought economic and political stability in the newly independent territory of Hong Kong.

Demographic Analysis for Policy Decision-Making Essay

Demographic Analysis for Policy Decision-Making - Essay Example The children of smokers, compared to children of nonsmoking parents, have an increased number of respiratory disorders, are sick more often and miss more days of school. The Centers for Disease Control conservatively attributes 3,825 deaths in 1988 to passive smoking A report sponsored by the Environmental Protection Agency concluded that environmental smoke kills 53,000 nonsmokers a year, including 37,000 from heart disease ("Secondhand") (Schwartz JL, 1989). Canadians are most likely to identify lung cancer and bronchitis and other respiratory problems as diseases associated with second-hand smoke. Smokers and those who live with smokers are less likely to acknowledge the health effects of smoking. Only 1 in 5 Canadians surveyed believed that second-hand smoke could cause ear infections. Even among those who know that second-hand smoke poses a danger, many mistakenly believe that children's health is only harmed by smoking directly around them. [Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Knowledge, Attitudes and Actions of Parents, Children and Child Care Providers, Health Canada, 1995]. http://www.smoke-free.ca/Second-Hand-Smoke/health_kids.htm Almost half of all Canadian children under the age of... http://www.smoke-free.ca/Second-Hand-Smoke/health_kids.htm Almost half of all Canadian children under the age of 15, some 2.8 million children, are exposed to second-hand smoke on a regular basis. [Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Health on second reading debate of Bill C-24, June 6, 1996]. Four in 10 Canadian households include someone who regularly smokes in the home. Neither the presence of children nor their age affects whether or not homes are kept smoke-free. A further 40% of Canadian homes have no regular smoker living there, but permit visitors to smoke in their home. Only 19% of Canadian homes are smoke-free. [Survey on Smoking in Canada 1994-95, Cycle 2] http://www.smoke-free.ca/Second-Hand-Smoke/health_kids.htm In smoker's homes, an average of 18 cigarettes a day is smoked. In only 1 in 5 of these households are cigarettes not smoked directly in front of children. Smokers are more likely to have mainly smokers in their social circle, and their children are more likely to be in contact with these smoking friends and relatives than are the children of non-smokers. [An Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Concerning Environmental Tobacco Smoke, 1995 - Ekos Research Associates] http://www.smoke-free.ca/Second-Hand-Smoke/health_kids.htm Thus, there is no doubt that tobacco smoking is harmful to the smoker. Evidence also indicates that maternal smoking during pregnancy has adverse effects on fetal development. It is now apparent that 'passive' or 'involuntary' smoking also has harmful effects. This involves non-smokers being exposed to the smoke from cigarettes or other tobacco products smoked by other people. In 1987 the Independent Scientific Committee on Smoking and Health produced a statement to the effect that

Trust computing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Trust computing - Essay Example One of the benefit of machine authentication is that it enables information within the active directory to issue optionally configured and template based certificate automatically to all servers and machines residing within a multiple or single domains in a multiple or single forest configuration ( sun et al, 2012). Other benefits of machine authentication entails preventing rogue machines from accessing organizational resources and networks, allowing mutual server and machine authentication between the various machines, being scalable and cost effective for organizations of all sizes and identifying the servers and machines having access to various networks. Machine authentication enables users to possess a log on script (Anwander et al, 2013). The experience is often transparent as the log in process is performed in the normal way. It also ensures automatic issuance and enrollment of certificates. Computer or machine authentication takes place before windows can display the CTRL + ALT + DEL screen. It does not occur when members of organization utilize their domain credentials on their own computers or other window devices. Implementation of machine authentication will enable organizations to have control over access to resources. Anwander, M., Braun, T., Hurni, P., Staub, T., & Wagenknecht, G. 2013. User and Machine Authentication and Authorization Infrastructure for Distributed Wireless Sensor Network Testbeds. JSAN, 2(1), 109-121.

Effectiveness of Auditing in Corporate Business

Effectiveness of Auditing in Corporate Business UK Auditing Introduction The UK auditing and accounting market is one of the largest in the world with over 432 accountants per hundred thousand of population (Saudagaran, 2003, p.10), many of whom are employed in auditing firms. This paper will concentrate upon one aspect of the accountants role in corporate business, namely that of auditors. The author’s intention is to discuss and evaluate various aspects of the auditing market and duties with a view to reaching a conclusion regarding the effectiveness and efficiency of their role in the commercial market. Audit Market Over the past few decades the United Kingdom audit market has seen a significant level of consolidation from a previous position of eight competitors. The industry nationally, now worth in excess of  £2.4 billion per annum, is presently dominated by four firms, which are Price Waterhouse Cooper, Ernst and Young, KMPG and Deloitte Touchà ©. Between them, these firms prepare the audits for over ninety percent of UK listed companies, including all but ten of the FTSE[1] corporations. Below this level, there is a secondary tier of between nine and fifteen auditing firms. The big four dominance of the auditing marketplace presents serious problems for other firms who wish to enter the market. Primarily there would be the difficulty of cost together with the return on their investment into such a move. For example the largest auditing firm outside of the â€Å"big four,† has a revenue level, which is less than half that of the smallest big four firm, Ernst and Young. Add to this the economical factors of entrance and risk involved with competing against the dominance of the big four and it is not difficult to understand the reluctance of other firms to challenge the present positions (Discussion Paper, 2006). In addition to the challenges new firms would face from present organisations, they would also be faced with having to address the current perceptions of the firms needing auditors. The situation is that most of the FTSE corporations perceive that, outside of the â€Å"big four,† other firms would not have the experience, resources or ability to manage their auditing requirements. In addition, concerns regarding quality would also be one of the major problems that would need to be addressed. From the viewpoint of the regulators and the clients, there are concerns with regard to the low numbers of auditing practices that exist at the top end of the markets. Not only is there fear that further consolidation will reduce choice even further, but many corporate audit committee chairman believe that the present structure itself allows for insufficient choice. This is particularly true considering the fact that auditing firms cannot offer any other services to their clients, such as consultancy. The other area of the contraction of the audit market that causes worry to corporate managers and shareholders is the high increase in audit fees that has been seen during recent years as increasing corporate governance demands are implemented. Despite the concerns regarding auditor choice, in the main confidence in financial statements in the UK remains at a very high level with investors. In a conducted survey in 2004 (Virdi, 2004) over 86% of fund managers, one of the main sources of corporate funding and investment were satisfied with the standard of financial statements, and over 87% had a fair to great deal of confidence in the auditing process. The Audit Inspection Unit (Public Report, 2006) also seemed to be relatively satisfied with the present quality levels of audits being carried out. In general, whilst there is a reasonable level of satisfaction with current audit levels, the concerns regarding choice of auditors and the inherent problems of further consolidation within the industry will need to be addressed. In particular, there is a need to avoid the â€Å"big† firms achieving a monopolistic status. Audit Regulations Before 1980 and the Companies Act 1985, corporate auditors were required to be members of the four recognised accounting institutes of the UK. At that time, the industry operated on a self-regulatory basis, monitoring its own members (Gray and Manson, 2004, ch.4). This position was not seen as satisfactory as the potential for conflict of interest existed. In an attempt to address the conflict problem the European Union (EU) issued new rules, embodied in its 8th directive, which required governments to closely monitor auditors. Subsequent to the 8th directive from the EU and the Companies Act 1985, auditors needed to obtain licences to practice from a Recognised Supervisory Body (RSB). In the early 1990’s the government also set up the Financial Reporting Council (FRC) in a move to improve auditing reporting standards. However, as the main accounting institute’s applications to become RSB’s were accepted, ultimate control and inspection of auditors still at that time remained in the hands of the professions. Therefore, although the RSB have the power to withdraw or suspend licences, ultimately the decision still rested with the institutes. Whilst in some areas this was considered an appropriate way to address industry regulation, many felt that it still did not address the issue of conflict of interest. Because of this continuing disquiet, in the late 1990’s an independent body known as the Accounting Foundation was set up to take over some of the RSB’s responsibilities, specifically those of auditing practices. It was the problems associated with the Enron disaster (Matt Krantz, 2001), which prompted the most significant change in the UK auditing regulatory hierarchy. Resulting from this situation, much of the monitoring and regulation of auditors was transferred to the FRC[2], which was generally well respected and considered to have the independence that satisfy financial institutions and corporate shareholder concerns. This included the Auditing Practices Board. The FRC is also responsible for ethical guidance and auditing standard guidelines. Several bodies have been set up by the FRC to oversee, monitor and investigate all areas of the auditing profession. These include the Professional Oversight Board and Audit Inspection Unit, which have taken over responsibility for monitoring the RSB’s from the DTI. These units oversee and investigate audit firm actions and decision made throughout the audit process. The Accountancy Investigation and Discipline Board are also under the responsibility of the FRC. Whilst this unit can investigate cases referred from the RSB’s and the accounting institutes, it also has the power to launch independent investigations where the need arises. Therefore, whilst the RSB’s still control large areas of the auditing structure, such as inspection and investigation, their actions are accountable to the FRC. Although responsibility for monitoring, standards and investigation routines have moved away from the institutes, there are still those who are uncomfortable with the level of government involvement in the auditing industry, and these call for more state control. There is some merit in this view, particularly in view of the dominance of the â€Å"big four† members on the institute committees. A recent KMPG report (Copnell 2006), confirms that shareholders are seeking much more transparency regarding issues such as qualification, suitability and compliance of the external auditors. Ethics and Auditing One of the issues that have received most attention with regard to auditing is that of ethics (Gray and Manson, 2004). The behaviour and veracity of auditors has come under scrutiny over the last two decades. The objectivity and freedom from influence of auditors has become a major issue of shareholder concern globally, as University of Aukland (Cheung and Hay 2004) research confirms, and the UK is not an exception. Confidentiality, promotion and new appointment procedures are other areas where auditors and expected to act in an ethical manner. Historically, the difficulty was that there were no guidelines, monitoring or investigation procedures relating to ethical issues. Before 1989, the institutes own guides on ethical matters were seen to be inadequate. Post 1989, the RSB system made ethical compliance a regulatory part of the institute’s monitoring processes. However, this did not alter the control or investigative procedures for ethics. Following government reviews in the early years of the new millennium, and the transfer of the APB and to the FRC, responsibility on major ethical issues, such as integrity, objectivity and independence became more independent, although other ethical issues remained the province of the institutes. In addition, major investigation and complaint cases, particularly those considered to be of â€Å"public interest,† became the responsibility of the newly created Investigation and Discipline Board. To further address the ethical issues, the ASB produced guidelines (2004). These included five major statements and one for small entities. The first of these statements outlines the compliance requirements and the identification of threats to the ethics of audits that may exist. It further outlines the safeguards that should be implemented by audit firms to avoid such threats, including the review of the audit by an independent partner in the firm and the compliance with corporate governance rules and regulations. The second ethical statement deals with the relationship between the auditors and their clients. Within this statement, the ASB covers such items as financial relationship between the parties as well as issues that might arise from personal relationships, for example family connections or the employment on audit by the auditing firms of an employee of the client being audited. Whilst this statement allows auditors to employ experts for opinion purposes during the audit, it does stress that such experts must be independent. Therefore, this precludes an auditing firm from using the consultancy arm of its own firm. Statement three deals with the length of association with an audit. Whilst it does not call for regular changes in the audit firm itself, this statement does make provision for the terms of service of audit team partners and members who are conducting the audit, such terms being stated not to exceed five or seven years depending upon the position of the team member. The fourth statement concentrates upon fees, litigation, gifts and hospitality. With regard to fees, the statement stresses that these should be time and skill based and not determined by any other factor. Similarly, it dictates that the level of fees should not affect the intention to allocate adequate resources to the audit work. The statement further states that audit firms should not accept appointment in any cases where their firm, whether it is the auditing department or not, is involved in litigation with the client. Finally, the acceptance of gifts and hospitality is declared unacceptable unless â€Å"its value i s insignificant.† The fifth and final ethical statement deals with the issue of the provision of non-audit services to an audit client. It addresses how these pose a threat to the audit and what measures are needed to safeguard the audit firm from the perception that such a threat my have on their independence as viewed by others. Following on from the Enron disaster, where it was considered that the auditors had lost independence and integrity, there was an international effort to restore public confidence in the auditing industry by introducing a range of regulations and rules. In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (2002)[3] was introduced, which aggressively restricted auditors from providing other services to clients and made rotation of key staff mandatory. In the UK, the Combined Code[4] was used for similar purposes, incorporating many of the aspects and demands of the Ethical Statements. In the UK, whilst the government has set up independent regulatory bodies such as the FRC to deal with a range of ethical issues, including setting standards, monitoring and investigation into compliance, there is still little statutory requirement. Although the institutes themselves may feel that the ethical structure is too extensive and stringent, there are those who hold the opposite view. However, it is apparent that ethics and integrity are of major importance when it comes to protecting the business stakeholders, including shareholders and creditors. Incidences such as Enron have clearly shown that to leave the monitoring of such areas solely within the control of the profession does not provide the degree of protection required by other stakeholders and that this can only be achieved by independent external bodies. Legal Actions against Auditors Litigation against UK auditors is a complex area. In essence, any proposed litigation will be dealt with under civil law, in particular the law of contract, where there is breach of a contract between the auditor and the client, or tort law, where there is a claim for negligence made by a third party, such as banks and shareholders (Gray and Manson, 2004). The outcome of most disputes of this nature is normally based upon previous case law. The most prevalent cases against auditors tend to occur following client insolvencies, after takeovers and mergers and in incidences of fraud. From the plaintiff’s (claimants) aspect and for their case to succeed, they have to prove that it was reasonable to expect that the auditor owed them a duty of care and that, as a result of sub-standard work or negligence on the part of the auditor, they have suffered a loss. In terms of auditors, perhaps the most defining case in terms of the above issues is that of Caparo case[5]. In this case, the auditors had given an unqualified certificate to a corporation, which the plaintiff relied upon when making a takeover. It was subsequently revealed that the profits had been overstated. Thus, the plaintiff sued for breach of contract and negligence in tort. In settling the case is was adjudged that in the matter of contract the auditor’s responsibility, as defined in the Companies Act, was to the company as a separate entity, not individual shareholders. With regard to the question of negligence it was held that the condition of â€Å"proximity,† or relationship between the auditor and Caparo, a core issue when deciding whether negligence has occurred, was not sufficient. It was stated that the auditor could not have reasonably expected the plaintiff to have relied upon their statements for actions they took, and therefore could not be held to be negligent. This approach and definition has been held in most subsequent cases. However, in 2002, a case between Royal Bank of Scotland and Bannerman Johnson Maclay appeared to change the position in Scottish Law (Glyn Barber 2002), although this does not apply to the English courts. Here the auditors were found guilty of negligence to a third party. To address the potential for claims, one of the conditions imposed by the RSB was that auditors must have professional indemnity insurance. Whilst most insurance companies sought to settle potential claims out of court, it did lead to continual premium increases. This, joined with the fact that the structure of auditing firms meant individual partners faced the prospect of losing all personal assets, led to increasing concern in the industry. To address these, and mitigate the fear they might lead to further industry consolidation, the Companies Act 1989 allowed audit firms to become limited liability companies. Auditor protection was further enhanced in the Companies Act 2006[6], by allowing them to reach agreement with shareholders to cap their contractual liability. From the foregoing it is obvious that not only is it extremely difficult to succeed in a liability case against an auditing firm, but that the industry generally has been very effectual in creating greater levels of protection for their firms and individual employees in recent decades, although as a recent article (Lawsuits threaten US audit firms, 2006), shows, the threat has not been totally eliminated. However, other stakeholders are not satisfied with this position but it seems that, unless direct fraud or illegal acts can be proven, there is little chance of challenging audit firms providing their audits have been performed within the confines of the regulations and rules that have been imposed upon them by their institutes and the independent monitoring bodies, such as those within the Financial Reporting Council. Conclusion Over the past three decades or so, it can be seen that there have been substantial changes made within the auditing industry. Whilst there has been improvement, both regulatory and statutory, in the conduct and standards of audit work, there are still areas that need to be further examined. Firstly, although the consensus is that standards are satisfactory, concerns over independence and transparency of reporting remain. Secondly, the concentration of major corporate audits into the â€Å"big four† firms does raise issues. These include the fear of consolidation, lack of competitive fees and difficulties in changing audit firms, as well as the problem of choosing firms for non-audit financial, accountancy and consulting work. Lastly, the issue of litigation and the audit firm’s ability to create protection against such action has caused some distrust. A possible solution to some of these issues couple is to ensure that any further mergers are referred to the monopolies commission and, from an independence viewpoint, to look at the feasibility of de-merging the auditing arms of the firms from their other services. References ASB Ethical Guidance (2004). Retrieved 5 January 2007 from http://www.frc.org.uk/apb/publications/ethical.cfm Barber, Glyn (2002). Can you still bank on an Audit. Accountancy Age, UK. Cheung, Jeff and Hay, David. (2004) Auditor Independence: The Voice of Shareholders. Business Review. Volume 6, issue 2. University of Aukland. Copnell, Timothy (Director) (2006). Shareholders’ Questions 2006. Audit Committee Institute KPMG LLP. UK. Discussion Paper (2006). Choice in the UK Audit Market. Financial Reporting Council. Retrieved 6 January 2007 from http://www.frc.org.uk/images/uploaded/documents/Choice%20in%20the%20UK%20Audit%20Market%20Discussion%20Paper4.pdf Gray, Iain and Manson, Stuart (2004). The Audit Process: Principles, Practice and Cases. Third edition. Thomson Learning. Krantz, Matt (2001). Accounting rule for energy companies eyed. USA Today. 3 December 2001. Lawsuit threaten US audit firms (2006). Accountancy Age. 18 September 2006. Public Report (2006). 2005/6 Audit Quality Inspections. Audit Inspection Unit. Retrieved 6 January 2006 from http://www.frc.org.uk/images/uploaded/documents/Choice%20in%20the%20UK%20Audit%20Market%20Discussion%20Paper4.pdf. Saudagaran, Shahrokh M (2003). International Accounting: A User’s Perspective. 2 Rev. Ed. South Western College Publishing. UK Virdi, Alpha A (2004). Investor Confidence Survey 2004. The Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales. Retrieved 7 January 2006 from http://www.icaew.co.uk/index.cfm?route=116714 1 Footnotes [1] Financial Times Stock Exchange [2] Financial Reporting Council [3] Available from http://www.sec.gov/about/laws/soa2002.pdf [4] Available from http://www.frc.org.uk/documents/pagemanager/frc/Web Optimised Combined Code 3rd proof.pdf [5] Caparo Industries plc v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605, 618 [6] See Companies Act 2006, section 535

William Shakespares Poem My Mistress Eyes Are Nothing Like The Sun Ess

William Shakespare's Poem "My Mistress Eyes Are Nothing Like The Sun" 'My Mistress' Eyes Are Nothing Like the Sun' is a poem written by William Shakespeare about the love towards an imperfect woman. He explains that although his mistress is imperfect, he finds his love special and 'rare.' If the modern day reader is not careful, he/she might be quick to assume the role of the woman that Shakespeare writes about. Although the word mistress now refers to a sweetheart or a woman who lives with a man without being married to him, in Shakespeare's time, it meant a woman who rules others or has control. With that understood, the reader can focus on some important conventions of this poem- theme, tone, and form- to better understand and appreciate the piece. The theme of this poem is to ...

Contribution and Marginal Costing Essay

This is an important business concept and must never be confused with profit. The contribution of a product refers to how much it contributes to the fixed costs and profit of the business once variable costs have been covered. It can be calculated either per unit of output or in terms of total contribution of all units produced. Contribution ignores fixed costs and only considers any surplus left once variable costs have been subtracted from revenue. Hence, contribution is what a product contributes towards the fixed costs of the business and, once these are paid, the profits of the business. Managers need to know, as accurately as possible, the cost of each product or service produced by the firm. One reason for this is the need to make a pricing decision. In fact, buyers of many products will want an estimated price or a quotation before they agree to purchase. Managers may also need to decide whether production should be stopped, stepped up or switched to new methods or new materials. Managers also need to compare actual product costs with original budgets and to compare the current period with past time periods. In calculating the cost of a product, both direct labor and direct materials are often easy to identify and allocate to each product. For instance, the materials used in making product X are allocated directly to the cost of that product. These are not the only costs involved. Overheads, or indirect costs, cannot be allocated directly to each product but must be ‘shared’ between all of the items produced by a business. There is more than one costing method that can be used to apportion these costs and, therefore, there may be more than one answer to the question: ‘How much does a product cost to produce?’ contribution costing method that only allocates direct costs to cost/profit centers not overhead costs. This approach to costing solves the problem of how to apportion or divide overhead costs between products – it does not apportion them at all. Instead, the method concentrates on two very important accounting concepts: †¢Marginal cost is the cost of producing an extra unit. This extra cost will clearly be a variable direct cost. For example, if the total cost of producing 100 units is $400 000 and the total cost of producing 101 units is $400 050, the marginal cost is $50. †¢The contribution to fixed costs and profit. This is the revenue gained from selling a product less its variable direct costs. This is not the same as profit, which can only be calculated after overheads have also been deducted. For example, if that 101st unit with a variable (marginal) cost of $50 is sold for $70, it has made a contribution towards fixed costs of $20. The unit contribution is found as the difference between the sale price ($70) and the extra variable cost ($50), that is $20.

Implications of Gender Roles in Oresteia Essay Example

Implications of Gender Roles in Oresteia Essay Example Implications of Gender Roles in Oresteia Essay Implications of Gender Roles in Oresteia Essay During Greek Rule hundreds of years ago women were put to a standard and expected to maintain it through everything that they do. When any woman did anything out of the norm then they were most likely ridiculed for what they had done. In his play, Oresteia, Aeschylus highlights the implications of gender roles in Greek society with the foiling of Clytemnestra by Electra to illustrate the Greek ideals and views of woman in contrast to their men, the Juxtaposition of Orestes and Clytemnestra as equal in their crime yet differing in Justification and reaction by the horus, and significance of male progression in Justice as carried out through the victory of Apollo over the Euminides despite Justice being carried out by a female goddess, Athena. In every society there are always the people that are classified as being abnormal or opposite of the norm and this is the character Clytemnestra plays in the story Oresteia. When compared to her daughter Electra, Clytemnestra proves to be completely different. Unlike Electra, Clytemnestra was not going to let any man go walking without Justice. When Electras own sister was killed by her father she didnt ee any wrongdoing. The worst part of it is that the person who got sacrificed could have easily been Electra instead. Electra stands by her fathers side, the mans side, the whole time like any woman during those times would. Even after her father is dead Electra says, l call out to my father. Pity me (Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers, line 135), showing that Electra, even though she had nothing to do with the death of her father, believes that she needs to beg her father for forgiveness. Electra herself sees the life of a man more important than the life of a woman. In contrast to that thought, Clytemnestra sees woman Just as equal as men, and that is where they differ. Further on into Electras speech to her father she says make me far more self- possessed than mother, make this hand more pure (Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers, line 145-146). Electra wants to be more in control and assured of herself than what she believes her mother is, and she looks to her father for this assurance. The events in the book prove that there is a huge Juxtaposition between Electra and Clytemnestras views about the roles of woman in society. There is a parallel when it comes to the killings of Iphigenia, Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. Each person believed that what they were doing was acceptable to do in each of their situations. When Agamemnon sacrificed his daughters life he did it because he believed that that was his only option to make peace with Artemis so that he could help his brother in the Trojan War. So in Agamemnons eyes, the sacrifice of his daughter was an order sent by the Gods. When Clytemnestra killed Agamemnon, she also believed it was acceptable because he was the man that killed her own aughter and his own flesh in blood. The final situation was when Orestes killed his mother Clytemnestra in vengeance of his fathers murder. The main difference between all three murders where the reactions from the chorus and citizens of the kingdoms. When Iphigenia and Clytemnestra were killed the chorus was indifferent and almost happy with what happened but when Agamemnon was killed by Clytemnestra, the chorus was in shock that a woman would do such a thing. The hand (Aeschylus, Agamemnon, line 1571-1572) which is in contrast to when Orestes s told But youVe done well. Dont burden yourself with bad omens, lash yourself with guilt. YouVe set us free, the whole city of Argos (Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers, line 1044-1046). These murders were literally done in parallel situations but because Clytemnestra was a woman that killed a man, her offense was found to be a greater crime than Agamemnon and Orestes. In the third book of Oresteia, Orestes is brought to the court of Athena who is the patron of Athens, and tried in front of a Jury for the crime of murdering his mother. Apollo, the God that told Orestes to kill Clytemnestra, fought for Orestes while the Furies fght for Clytemnestra. The furies argued that Orestes killed his own flesh in blood and the woman that bore him. Unfortunately for Clytemnestra though Apollo brings up that Athena was never born by natural birth and never had a mother to raise her. He claims that children dont need mothers, that it is the fathers seed and thats all someone needs. Because of this when it came to a tie vote from the Jury, Athena sided with Apollo and his argument. This shows that even Athena, a woman f great power sees women as useless in a sense. Athena has been solidified to believe that the one thing women were thought to be useful for, in those ages, as not needed. She takes the mans side of things and agrees with Apollo, another man, instead of helping Clytemnestra. Apparently back then; even woman with a high amount of power will hide behind the decisions of powerful men instead of creating their own. Through the differences of Athena and Clytemnestra, the Juxtaposition between the murders of Iphigenia, Agamemnon and Clytemnestra and the decisions made in he Greek court, it is proven that there are significant gender roles and schemas throughout the play Oresteia. There is no question that woman where treated differently and expected to act to a certain way during this time. The play showed a double standard of the expected behaviors between a man and woman and demonstrated all the different ways these standards are ridiculed throughout the society. Of all the things the readers learn one of the biggest things is that it definitely shows the differences in gender roles have drastically changed sense this time.

Vaccinating your pets speech Essays

Vaccinating your pets speech Essays Vaccinating your pets speech Paper Vaccinating your pets speech Paper The little boy ended up having to shoot him as he started to become rabid. Talk about an impact on my life as child seeing that. Pets are part of our family, and if we can protect our family from harm then of course were going to do as much as possible. Well same goes for your extended family; your pets. Currently I am a Manager at a Doggy Daycare Facility. Pre-opening the owner and I took a class on which vaccines were required in the daycare setting and why. We took a class on nutrition, and also a doggy CPRM class. As we go along, and the longer we are open we eve learned even more about the many different types of vaccines and have a great relationship with many of the surround veterinarians. Vaccines can help prevent and fend off a lot of different diseases out there that can be passed specie to specie or even animal to animal. Vaccines can benefit youre pet in within moderate proportions. We are going to talk about how to know what vaccines to give, when to get them, and at what ages should you start and stop certain vaccines. Research, research, research. BODY Which Vaccines are relevant to your pet? Never take the first opinion given to you about what vaccines are needed. If your veterinarian has not asked about previous vaccinations or where youre pet came from. If they dont ask the environment they are going to be living in. Depending on your and your pets lifestyle will depend on the vaccinations you should get, there Is no need to over vaccinate. Transition: We always need to keep In m ind that knowledge isnt only power its how we can keep our family safe and healthy. When to get the vaccines done? Most veterinarians will tell you right away how often each vaccine needs to be updated. When starting out there are a few shots that have to have several boosters before it can become a yearly or even a every three year shot. Keep a copy of your vaccination records for your pet on hand they will have the date given and the date expired. Transition: Its like having a furry kid, the first times they get shots you Just want to give them lots of love and let them know its for the better of their health. What age do you start and stop giving your pet the vaccinations. Always talk to your vet and do a little research yourself It depends on the type of animal and the breed. Translator: A Healthy family Is a happy family, furry or otherwise. CONCLUSION Now we Know wince vaccines, at want tale Ana now oaten snouts De given so we can better protect our pets. Helping people get in the know of the importance of vaccinating their pets, and helping them know what they should be looking for will help not only owners be more aware but help the spread of diseases among pets. Think about if back in the Old Yeller days, they could have had the Rabies Vaccinations, Old Yeller could have lived out his days with his newly found family and died an old happy dog and that little boy would not of had to put down his best friend. Using smart preventive ways to give our pets the best life they can possibly eve in the short time they are here is our way of saying I love you and will take care of you as my own. Such short little lives our pets have to spend with us, and they spend most of it waiting for us to come home each day.

Concepts of Organizational Change Research Paper - 1

Concepts of Organizational Change - Research Paper Example This paper illustrates that organizational change formulated can bring optimum results in the field of enhanced outcomes of information processing with the achievement of expectations set for organizational communication orienting consistency of the stakeholders. According to McNamara, organizational change management is essential for almost every business organization and it is important to see that the development of a new idea to be implemented is approved by every department concerned within. This is a specialized work stream and hence requires the implementation of technological changes as part of the project management. The success of the new change is always parallel to the effectiveness of the lead in the process. The basic challenge met by all the management on implementation of a change is the resistance of the stakeholders of it. The process of change, however, has to cross the areas of risk such as the period during the cutover to the placement of new solutions; and the m ost critical of challenges is the lack of cooperation from the stakeholders – largely because of lack of effective communication. Since the stakeholders hail mostly from the target group of workers at a low profile in the organization, managers at the top level have to strategies to effectively handle the situation. Organizational change is a vast process which covers the entire area of the enterprise. It requires a comprehensive analysis of the management functions and the culture pertaining to the organizational pattern employed in the enterprise. An effective organizational change management is possible only if the major decisions are taken while considering the prominence of quality input of strategies and the sequence of steps for the surveillance of a measurement system for the implementation of the change.

The Evolving Role of Government in Education Essay - 2

The Evolving Role of Government in Education - Essay Example On the other hand, the federal government also grants the public schools’s funding; the government has a number of federal agencies, along with organizations, which are helpful in benefiting children educational necessities so as to effect their success (Sandars, 2000). In the past 2 centuries, momentous federal support of education existed, although slowly, but and steadily, while, at the same time, the increasing federal commitment to education regarding monies and policies turns to be impressive. The NCLB changes the role of the federal government within elementary, as well as secondary education by necessitating for the states, together with schools in measuring success in regards to student performance. Conversely, the federal government is also responsible for the provision of grants and scholarships to those people who are going through college or university pursuing higher education. Consequently, the NCLB also tends to be beneficial to children with a disability, since they have the similar rights and opportunities compared to other children who are not disabled of attending any school that is public, college or even university thereby enhancing their knowledge, while, at the same time, becoming successful individual (Fred & Allan, 2011). In the recent past, there was the consolidation movement whose intention was to eliminate school boards that were small, as well as rurally dominated. Although this was a perception that this was the beginning of the end, there are a number of people who perceive these efforts as education efficiency. Conversely, others view it as luck of the draw, with students, regardless of their background, tend to take an active role concerning their education, thereby getting what they desire from it (Sandars, 2000). However, the next significant move in education happens to be Board of Education vs. Brown during 1954 whereby this ruling reversed the 1896 Plessy vs. Ferguson ruling that founded the separate but