Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Research Paper Example It comes under the category of social sciences which deal with the costs, profits, efficiency and other related concepts. Along with their application in business and services sectors, the public sectors of the country such as medical and healthcare services also make use of economics in their management and decision making (Kitty & Mack, 1995). Significance in Medical and Healthcare The recent research studies indicate that the ideas of theoretical and practical applications have contributed greatly to the medical and health sector. This great deal of contribution can be initially summed up in three words: heterogeneity, sustainability and scarcity. In order to identify and imply the technically best and socially desirable approach, the medical practitioners apply the concepts of providing the patients and need with ‘optimal’ care and benefits. It is the maximum point where the marginal benefits of the service provider is zero and does not care for the opportunity costs involved in it.

Situational and Procedural Factors Essay Example for Free

Situational and Procedural Factors Essay The Local 190 members are the long time workers at the Deloitte plant of ABC. They have been in a long-term relationship with ABC Company and believed to continue and prosper for a more extended period of time. The Local 190 bargaining team (representing 1700 members, all working at the Deloitte plant of ABC) should consider preserving this long-term relationship between ABC Company and members of Local 190 particularly when planning strategies for negotiation with the ABC management team over new clauses or changes in the work agreement. The following must be considered in the negotiation table when the parties have a long-term relationship: i. Representatives should refrain from using unnecessary tactics that will hurt the labor and management relations in the future. ii. Representatives should not only settle for good relationships. They must also try to make trade-offs. Based on the fair agreement reached by Local 190 and ABC management during the previous negotiation, we predict that the ABC representative will act fairly in the upcoming negotiation. There have been evidence of trust and fairness on the side of the ABC management team but we are also aware that bargaining for a new contract could become tougher like never before. Time Pressure Since the time given for negotiation is not sufficient (2 hours) to tackle all four issues in detail, team members need to familiarize themselves with these issues. We have assigned time limits for each of the following four issues: ? Introduction (10 min) ? Location of the new plant (30 min) ? Transfer of workers to the new plant (30 min) ? Operation of the new plant (20min) ? Conclusion (10min ) Team vs. Solos: This negotiation involves a three-person union bargaining team and a three-person ABC management team whose goal is to resolve multiple issues regarding the work contract. Union representatives will negotiate as a team against ABC management. The following are the detailed plans for the negotiation team: ? Leader: Since there is no chairperson to control over the group process, we will have one member lead our team to facilitate the bargaining process. Our team leader’s roles are the following: ? Introduce members of the team ? Introduce the group’s issues, interests, etc. ? Make sure all voices of the team members are heard during the negotiation. ? Summarize what has been negotiated and the plan of actions. ? Suggest private time for discussions within the team when two members are in disagreement or in conflict. On the bargaining table, all three of the Local 190 team members will take an active role in the discussion. Each of the team members should have a sufficient knowledge about the four issues on the work contract. While encouraging all three members to participate in the discussion, each member should have one issue to focus on to prevent the common knowledge effect. Each member should have specialized information in at least one issue in the following: ? Location of the new plant (Emi, Pavel, Choi) Since this is top concern for members of Local 190, all three members will actively make arguments that the plant stays in Deloitte. ? Transfer of workers into the new plant: (Emi) Emi will dispute that if the relocation of the new plant is unavoidable, all current workers must be guaranteed with jobs at the new facility and help them with the transportation cost in the new location. ? Operation of the new plant: (Pavel) Pavevl will take role in eliciting an agreement on â€Å"Continued high level of worker autonomy with a strong group incentive program based on reasonable team targets†. ? Wages and benefits: (Choi) Choi’s role is to ensure that ABC management would pay the â€Å"increased wages and benefits which are better than ABC’s unionized competitor† to members of Local 190. Cultural Differences: Without proper understanding on the opponent’s situation, position, interests, and culture, it is unlikely to produce good quality outputs from negotiating with the opponent. Before, ABC Deloitte has always been fair and reasonable in contract negotiations before. However, due to the emergence of growing non-union competitors, ABC had created a wall between workers and the ABC management team. As a result, workers focused on wages and benefits while the management team focused on how to make more profit and at the same time reducing wage costs. This situation showed how the interests of the two parties have become inconsistent. The following demonstrated the cultural differences of the Local 190 and the ABC management team: Things that members of Local 190 consider ? Most of union members are satisfied with the high standard of living in Deloitte because they earn adequate wages and receive bonuses they through working at the ABC plant. ? There will be no work opportunities in Deloitte if the ABC plant moves to a new location. ? Compare ABC’s unionized competitors when demanding changes in the workers’ contract ? Receiving reasonable compensation as reasonable. Things that ABC management team consider ? Non-union competitors cut labor costs, production costs which threaten to get rid of union in ABC’s plants to remain competitive ? Inability to compete with non-unionized competitor if the ABC plant stays in Deloitte. ? Compare the union workers’ contract with those non-unionized competitors when changes are deemed necessary to keep ABC competitive in market. ? Strive to generate more profit as much as possible. Factors favorable to Local 190 ? The charter of the ABC Company states that the headquarter office must remain in Deloitte: Since ABC’s major facility is located at the ABC’s headquarter in Deloitte, the team management’s decision of relocating its major plant outside of Deloitte is a violation of the charter. ? The charter of Adam Baxter foundation: ABF owns 40% of ABC’s stock and its charter ensures that the control of the foundation and the corporation will always stay with residents of Deloitte.

Marquex, one of these days Essay -- essays research papers

Research Paper Marquez, â€Å"One of These Days†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gabriel Garica Marquez wrote â€Å"One of These Days† directly about the relationship between middle class and politicians. Marquez wrote this short story to try to tell his readers the reality of power and revenge among people. â€Å"One of These Days† would inspire those who are interested to learn more about politicians and how they handle their power, whether they take advantage of their power or not. The story relates to disadvantages and advantages between middle class and politicians.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the story â€Å"One of These Days†, Marquez begins with a poor town dentist who is polishing false teeth when the mayor calls him threatening to shoot him if he does not fix his sore tooth. The mayor had been suffering from a five day severely sore tooth ache. So, the mayor finally wins by getting the dentist to fix his tooth. The Mayor arrives to the dentist’s office with his left cheek clean-shaved and a five day old beard on the other cheek with a swollen tooth. The dentist examines the mayor’s tooth without anesthesia and makes the mayor suffer even more. The dentist had made the mayor suffer for almost a week and suffer even more when he examines him without anesthesia. The dentist finally got his revenge by making the mayor suffer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The dentist states his reason for making the mayor suffer by saying, â€Å"Now you will pay for our twenty dead men.† The mayor got up after the dentist removed his tooth and failed to understand his torture of the five previous nights and the examination without anesthesia from the dentist. The mayor told the dentist to send the bill, and the dentist asked â€Å"to you or to the town?† The mayor told the dentist, â€Å"It’s the same damn thing.† In the end of the story, the mayor wins by using his political power. The mayor refers him and the town as the â€Å"same thing† that his power extends beyond himself. The mayor sees no wrong in what he has done to the past to the dentist or what the dentist is trying to tell him. The mayor only sees himself as winning as the better man in the end.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The title â€Å"One of These Days† refers to the dentist learning something new about his own power. The dentist tells himself that hurting the mayor will affirm his own power for revenge or political resistance. His trea... ...s about war and soldiers. His grandfather, the Colonel, had pounded Civil war stories onto Gabriel’s mind when he was a little boy. His grandparents was such an great influence Gabriel’s success. â€Å"One of these Days† is a battle between forces and power. It’s good for readers to understand the disadvantages and advantages of political power used today in the United States. Work Cited: Collected Stories: Volume 124 pp. 68(1); Copyright Time Inc. 1984. Reviewed by Paul Gray. The New Yorker:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Volume 61 Issue 13 pp. 118-125; reviewed by John Updike. Latin American Writers: George R. McMurray Volume 3 pp 1329-1346; Copyright 1989 Charles Scribner’s Sons; The Scribner Writers Series Contemporary Literary Criticism: Gale Literature Resource Database   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dictionary of Literary Biography: Volume 113: Modern Latin American Fiction Writers, First Series. A Bruccoli Clark Layman Book. Edit by Williams Luis, Vanderbilt University. The Gale Group, 1992 pp. 168-182. The Modern World: Gabriel Garica Marquez Homepage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Bedford Introduction to Literature: Michael Meyer   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Treyvon Martin and Clarence Thomas Essay -- Political Spectacle, Polit

On February 26, 2012, an apparently innocent teenager was shot as he walked home through his neighborhood late at night. The Trayvon Martin killing and trial has recently been one of the primary topics covered by the media in America. The response to the news coverage of the case has been staggering. Students have organized hoodie marches and created Facebook groups to protest the unjustified murder of the young man. However, is the American public as well informed as it pretends to be? Americans have an unsettling susceptibility to manipulation from the media. In 1991, a similar event occurred in the case of the Clarence Thomas confirmation hearings, where Supreme Court nominee, Clarence Thomas, had his personal affairs put on display for America. This event ignited unrest in women’s rights and civil rights groups across the country. Americans were surprised to discover that the nation had been blind to these supposed political injustices for years. The Clarence Thomas confir mation hearings cloaked a staggering message to the American people about media’s role in manipulating American sentiment by sensationalizing the news coverage relayed to the American public. The original purpose of the Clarence Thomas hearings were to determine if George Bush’s nominee for Supreme Court Justice, Clarence Thomas, was a legitimate nominee for the prestigious role of Supreme Court justice. However, the hearings quickly developed into little more than a â€Å"political spectacle.† A political spectacle â€Å"is public in the sense that it deals with a†¦ scandalous action that carries instant and wide appeal no matter who does it† . The spectacle was tailored so that it would reach and catch the attention of millions of viewers. In order to accomplish th... ...ide, â€Å"Deconstructing the Political Spectacle: Sex, Race, and Subjectivity in Public Response to the Clarence Thomas/ Anita Hill â€Å"Sexual Harassment† Hearings,† American Journal of Political Science 37 (1993): 701. Dianne Rucinski, â€Å"Rush to Judgment? Fast Reaction Polls in the Anita Hill-Clarence Thomas Controversy,† The Public Opinion Quarterly 57 (1993): 575. Frances Trix and Andrea Sankar, â€Å"Women's Voices and Experiences of the Hill-Thomas Hearings,† American Anthropologist 100 (1998): 32. Larry Hugick, "On Night before Vote, Support for Thomas Remains Strong," Gallup Poll News Service 56 ( 1991): 2. Murray Edelman, Constructing the Political Spectacle (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 99. Thomas P. Kim, â€Å"Clarence Thomas and the Politicization of Candidate Gender in the 1992 Senate Elections,† Legislative Studies Quarterly 23 (1998): 399.

The Role of the Quantity Surveying Profession within the contemporary Built Environment

Before discussing the role of the quantity surveyor, it’s very important to get an idea about the built environment where the quantity surveyor works. Simply the built environment means human made buildings, cities, roads and surroundings etc.. that could provide an environment for their activities. The concept of the built environment was introduced in Greece in many centuries ago in the process of developing their cities using grid plans. But the modern concept of built environment is far more complex than that. Considering the contemporary built environment, with huge increase of the population in the world over the last century human desires are risen up and became more complicated. Similarly necessity to have houses, cities, roads, which is called built environment, has become compulsive aspect of human life. Since the Quantity Surveyor is a significant character of constructing that built environment, he/she has to play a vital role in it. The Origin of the Quantity Surveying What is the quantity surveying? According to the Seeley (1997), Quantity Surveying is a profession which would prepare an accurate bill of quantities to be priced by tendering contractors and who would measure and value any variations that might occur during the progress of the works. But when considering the history of this profession, the origin of quantity surveying carries us way back to the 17th century. In 1666 after the Great Fire, London was under restoration process it needed huge no. of workers like masons, carpenters and other tradesmen. Before the 1666 all the workers mentioned above got paid daily basis. But the large amount of labor needed to restore the city after the fire, it made governors to think twice and decided to pay each worker for the quantity of work they had done. It meant on behalf of the salary workers had been paid for the amount of carpentry, masonry and other works they had done. Therefore one person had to read the drawings of the buildings and take off the quantity of work each and every trade in the construction and at the same time he had to prepare an estimate for the total cost. And the Quantity Surveying profession was evolved to the current status after that incidence. History of the Quantity Surveying In early 70’s there was a misunderstanding about the profession that believing the â€Å"valuation† and the â€Å"measurement† are covering the whole area of quantity surveying. Therefore quantity surveying profession was highlighted only for its â€Å"Technical† role throughout that period. But measurement and valuation are only two functions performed by quantity surveyors. Because of this nature, many people believed that the functions done by the quantity surveyor can be undertaken by any person or machine that can perform arithmetic calculations, like a computer. â€Å"The QS is not a necessity in the order of things. Any convenient and cheap method of multiplying drawings and specifications and placing copies in the hands of each estimator would answer the same purpose and get rid of the QS for good† (Anon, 1889 cited in Wood, 2008). Changing roles of Quantity Surveying Despite all the above doubts quantity surveying profession was survived and presently regarded as one of the most expensive profession in the construction industry. Also quantity surveying is being known as a dynamic profession and its skills section had gone for different changes over the last decade or so. Smith (2004) mentioned that the quantity surveying profession has faced to considerable changes over the last decade in terms of scope and the type of contributions provided within and outside the construction process. Ashworth (1981) pointed out the changing role of the quantity surveyor in recent past has been significant. Traditional roles of Quantity Surveying Quantity Surveyor Is the person who giving advices and preparing documents regarding cost estimating and financial section of the construction process. Thirty years ago the role of quantity surveyor was to prepare Bill of Quantities and providing Final Accounts only. â€Å"The traditional role of quantity surveyor is the professional who provides advice about cost and financial management for the construction process. The traditional services provided are considered to be of a technical basis, such as preparing the cost plan and the bills of quantities, tender documentation and tender appraisal, interim payments, measuring and valuing variations, advising on anticipated final costs and preparing the final account† (Burnside and Westcott, 1999). Competencies of Quantity Surveying Quantity surveyors are also well known as a construction economists who perform various and wide range of duties to support the cost effective construction projects. The core competencies of quantity surveying profession such as determining the budgets of projects, measuring project quantities, preparing Bills of Quantities, cost control documents, administrating contracts, and preparing final accounts, etc.. should be maintained and enhanced in order to adapt to changes in many areas of the construction industry since the quantity surveyor’s success depends not only the skills which he/she has. Practitioners need to be far more adaptable and willing to change their standard work practices than in the past (Smith, 2004). Also the RICS has introduced and highlighted some basic and optional core competencies that required of quantity surveyors to enhance their ability to face the varying construction industry and they are as follows. Competencies required of Quantity Surveyors for professional Competency (RICS) Basic competencies Core competencies Optional competencies Personal and interpersonal skills Construction contract practice Arbitration & other dispute resolution procedures Business skills Construction technology and environmental services Development appraisal Data, information and information technology Economics of construction Facilities management Professional practice Procurement and financial management Insolvency Law Insurance Measurement Project management Mapping Property investment funding Research methodologies and techniques Valuation Taxation allowances & grants Apart from that, Information Technology has made huge impact on quantity surveying profession as though it is spread out all over the construction industry. Smith (2004; 2006) keep emphasized that all the professionals should have the knowledge of how to use the AUTOCAD properly and accurately and be an expertise in the field of construction without delaying. (Odeyinka, 2008) Stated that, commercially developed software packages are available worldwide to improve the performance of quantity surveyors. Frei, (2009) also stated that with the intention of developing the productivity and high performance of the industry it is necessary to invest in information technology (IT) and information communication technology (ICT). RICS (1991) In 1990s and 2000s, Quantity Surveyors should be more innovative, more pro-active and more mobile to solve the problems and the changing of client requirements. New skills and services will be progressively developed from continuous research and developments of new techniques. Evolving roles of Quantity Surveying The quantity surveying profession has been able to evolve and diversify into new areas of practicing, providing a wider range of services, with the modern quantity surveyor covering all aspects of project cost management, procurement and contract management (Lee, Trench and Willis 2011) (Menaha Thayaparan, et.al2011) â€Å"Deviating from its traditional â€Å"technical† role, during mid-80’s RICS has promoted the role of the Quantity Surveyor as â€Å"the Building Economist†, â€Å"Cost Engineer†, â€Å"Procurement consultant† and as a â€Å"Cost Consultant† (RICS, 1986; RICS, 1991). These roles have attributed more of a â€Å"managerial† image to the quantity surveying profession.† Since that dynamic nature of the profession, it has been shaped up to provide timely needs such as cost and value management, project management, procurement consultant, quality management, risk management, arbitration, and many more non-traditional services of the construction industry without limiting to its narrow scope. QSBC (2009) Has been suggested that the role of the quantity surveyor has outspread over time beyond its main scope of financial based concerns not only to cover the knowledge of values, cost, labor and materials, but also to include legal and contractual matters, like wise being a consultants on construction business and also has to be concern about developers, the government, contractors and the general project management. According to the facts which I have discussed so far, it has declared that Quantity Surveyors not only have to perform traditional roles by offering traditional services nevertheless also have to play contemporary roles by granting non-traditional or additional services to fill up the demand of this innovative and mutable construction industry. Apart from those cost concerned aspects discussed above, quantity surveyors are also needed to be conversant in construction management and procurement, contractual administration and legal aspects of construction within the modern built environment. Therefore it’s important to discuss about management knowledge of quantity surveyor which gives the ability to adapt to divers conditions and to solve problems emerge in financial and contractual sectors which are very unique for each and every construction projects. In the recent past years it has been not rare for quantity surveyors to widen their scope of profession and put themselves in a position of project manager with the amount of experience they have got. The importance of the Project Management is growing worldwide and it has huge impact on productivity and quality of the project. By using this art of leading and coordinating material and human resources in construction process called project management, Quantity surveyor will be able to complete project on time within the budget. â€Å"Is a quantity surveyor an estimator, contract manager or project manager? The short answer to this question is yes, yes and yes. People from a quantity surveying background may find working environment compatible with any of those roles because the training qualifications acquired from the quantity surveying create the pathways† (Donald Towey ,2012, pp.110) It is possible to list about 5 main evolved roles of the quantity surveying profession from the information mentioned above. 1. Client advocate and representative 2. Construction designing and economics 3. Construction planning and procurement 4. Construction administration and management 5. Project management Emerging roles of Quantity Surveying Not limiting to discussing about the changes that already has made an impact on the profession, it’s better to address about changes which are going to happen in near future to the quantity surveying profession. Due to the latest economic climate over the world, there are very fewer resources available to commence new building projects. But it has become viable with the finding of new ways to handle building project more cost-efficiently by modern quantity surveyors who has given the traditional and contemporary monetary roles. Whence, future changes of quantity surveying profession seem to be more compulsive and its influence to the construction industry should be more explored by the quantity surveyors. Sustainability, whole life costing and the building information modeling (BIM) are the three main emerging roles of quantity surveying profession. When it comes to the whole life costing, it is a technique that use intentionally to improve efficiency, sustainability and also it provides clear information to the client whether the project is going to be financially viable or not after built. Calculating the costs of building and the items included for its whole life is called whole life costing assessment. By carrying these assessments prior to any other works which has been taken into count maintenance, operational and demolition costs of the project with the consideration of the inflation, client will be able to get best value for his money. The concept of sustainable construction is becoming more significant in the world as we are trying to bring down the environmental pollution and the greenhouse gases globally. By using recycled material, installing innovative natural sourced systems (solar systems) and introducing efficient material, labor and waste management, Sustainability can be admitted to the construction industry. Building Information Modeling (BIM) compares all details about projects design and its construction and operation process to meet the maximum efficiency at any stage of the project by using a computer generated model. (BIMIWG 2011) Furthermore, capability of identifying number of variations in design and compare them with traditional measures in a second, reduces the workload of the quantity surveyor. Also the changes has being made to quantity surveying profession with BIM is enforced by the UK government as 3D-BIM modeling will be essential component of every project by 2016. (BIMIWG 2011) Conclusion In brief, this report has done a critical discussion on traditional and contemporary roles of quantity surveying, origin and history of the profession, key and core competencies of quantity surveying and also changing, evolved and emerging roles of quantity surveying profession. Due to the changing nature of client’s and the market demand the quantity surveying profession has evolved continuously during recent decades. Clients not only ask for traditional services but also request for nontraditional services like project management, procurement, construction administration in contemporary built environment. Also there are some emerging aspects like whole life costing assessments, sustainability and BIM that could add more changes to the quantity surveying profession in near future. Therefore, in order to develop their skills and practice Quantity Surveyors should be well aware of these changes and has to adapt to them quickly.

Women in the World War essays

Women in the World War essays Dear brave sir, I dont know how to thank you for risking your life for your countrymen. I feel as if I am greatly indebted to you. I know that you will make proud. I can only extend my deepest gratitude. While you defend the front lines, you should know that everything back home is well taken care of. The government has done a darn good job of making sure everything is being done to win this war. How are the trenches? Are they as bad as they say? I hope they feed you well, because we have sacrificed much for your meals. I will admit, the food at home has become less appealing. We shifted from wheat, flour, beef, and bacon to substitutes. I hope that every last crumb that we save is delivered directly into your stomachs! Good soldier, you need not lose sleep over who is working while you are gone defending democracy. Chaps ages fifteen to nineteen are being enrolled to help on farms. As for the ladies left here, you dont have to worry about them either. They stopped worrying about you boys long ago. Theyre using their free time to for fill the responsibilities of you boys. Theyve filled the munitions factories, and are employed in civil services. Please do your best to finish this thing soon. I know its a lot to ask of, but were doing our best to help those in the time of need as well. The Canadian Patriotic Fund if offering wives and families of soldiers in service overseas compensation for the work that you guys would have done. ...

Aristotle Essays - Social Philosophy, Nicomachean Ethics, Will

Aristotle Essays - Social Philosophy, Nicomachean Ethics, Will Aristotle An ethical issue that is debated in our society is the concern of driving while intoxicated. Although this was naturally not the case during Aristotles time, many of his ethical beliefs can be applied to refute this dilemma. I will prove the standing issue to be unethical through Aristotles discussion of virtue and his concept of voluntary/involuntary actions in the Nicomachean Ethics. Aristotle believed that of the virtues learned in our youth, each has a respective excess and deficiency. The virtue is the mean (or midpoint) of the excess and deficiency. The mean can be thought of as just right, and the extremities can be labeled as vices. The mean should not be thought of as the geometric middle of the two vices- it varies between the vices, depending on the person. Aristotle believed that the mean and the vices are within our control and of the two extremes (vices) we should choose the less erroneous. It is not always easy to choose the less erroneous of the two. For example, Bill decides he wants to drink this Friday night, but he has to drive himself home. His choice of how much to drink lies between two vices: sobriety and drunkenness. Although neither may be his intention for the evening, it is obvious that the less erroneous of the two is sobriety. So much, then, makes it plain that the intermediate state is in all things to be praised, but that we must inc line sometimes towards the excess, sometimes towards the deficiency; for so shall we most easily hit the mean and what is right (Aristotle 387). Aristotle defines virtue (also known as excellence) of humankind as living in accordance with reason in the best kind of way. Simply put, doing what is characteristic of a thing to do. He argues that our reasoning, which is the foundation for our virtues, derives from habit and not from nature. Neither by nature, then, nor contrary to nature do excellences arise in us; rather we are adapted by nature to receive them, and are made perfect by habit. Again, of all the things that come to us by nature we first acquire the potentiality and later exhibit the activity(Aristotle 376) Hence, all of the virtues that we believe are what we practice. The point in mind is that all of our morals are instilled in us through the process of learning. What we see others (whether adults, teachers, etc.) practice when we are children has a direct bearing on our thoughts and opinions. We simply practice these thoughts and opinions in our day to day lives. Thus, in one word, states arise out of like activities (Aristotle 377). This may be the case with a child who is reared in an alcohol abusive family. Say the childs father frequently drove while intoxicated and the child was lead to believe that this was okay. Although this does not make it ethical, or lawful for that matter, for the child to drive drunk, it simply may have been a reason why. It makes no small difference, then, whether we form habits of one kind or of another from our very youth; it makes a very great difference, or rather all the difference (Aristotle 377). Although this may be the reason why in this situat ion, it does not justify the learned activity; this is the rationale of Aristotle. Aristotle believed that although our actions are the results of our learning, virtue still involves rational choice. He is saying that if we have not been taught what is the moral excellence (the midpoint of the two vices), of a particular action or behavior, we still have the ability to attain excellence through choice. If a drunk driver chooses to continue driving drunk (the vice), he will never attain moral excellence. Aristotle believed that practicing virtue leads to a virtuous circle, in which the more you abstain from a vice, the easier it becomes to abstain. Eventually, performing virtuous activities becomes habit. This again can be related to the topic at hand. If an alcoholic (I am not assuming a person is an alcoholic simply because of driving drunk) decides to quit drinking, the first few months may be hard to

Analysis of the article Real Estate Principle

Analysis of the article Real Estate Principle In real estate market, economists closely monitor the trends in the economy in order to project the patterns of demand and supply. The article shows how the current change in economy trends of real estate market have affected various parties in the real estate market. Factors such as the cost, income, and price of housing greatly affect the demand of housing as seen in the article. Electricity supply also partly affects the supply of housing in the real estate market, as one of its inputs.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Analysis of the article â€Å"Real Estate Principle† specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From the numerous forecasts, the economy has projected that the momentum of the economy in the second half of the year after July will go down. This will affect the real estate market in the area of housing due to many factors this paper has covered. Despite the economy losing its momentum, there has been a significant growth in various sectors. For instance, in the manufacturing sector the output seems to have increased in the production of electronics, business equipment, and automobiles in the United States of America. The disruption that occurred could have led to this in the East when tsunami and the earthquake greatly hit some parts of it causing destabilization of automobile production from the west hence increasing production from the United States of America (Barber, Floyd, Floyd 311-320). The industries also seem to have increased the use of their capacity signifying an increment in output. The author of the article points out that the previous anticipated slowdown of the economy would subside in due time and there would be minimal scares about the demand of the consumer surging. The sentiments of the consumer can however be falling due to the facts that there is a rather weak growth in the job area and economists predict low ability of the consumers to afford the housing. T he falling sentiments of the consumer have led the people to shift in selling their property. Part of the population is no longer investing in the construction of houses that cater for single family and those of multi-families and most of them are turning to either purchase of smaller units such as apartments or even going to rentals. The owners of the housing units that are not in demand will push the prices of the housing down in order to accommodate the consumers who have weak purchasing ability. The article establishes that there are no signs of the real estate market improving in the near future and economists predict this on the fact that the permits that builders usually get for new constructions have actually declined. This has trickled down to dampening of spirits of the builders and rather low sentiments to start housing projects. However, it is not possible to conclude that all parts of America have experienced the decline. The demand in the real estate market refers to t he consumers desiring housing at a particular price and the supply in the real estate market refers to the housing units that the builders are willing to offer or are offering at a particular price. Further, equilibrium is the main point of focus in economics and in real estate market. It refers to the point of negotiation between the suppliers of housing and the consumers of the same units.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It also refers to the ability of the suppliers and the consumers to come to an agreement where the amount of units produced by the supplier are equal to the housing taken up by the consumers within a particular time and having in mind that all other factors remain constant (Barber, Floyd, Floyd 321-328). The increase in the output of the electric utilities makes suppliers bound to increase the output of housing they offer. When this happens, th e price of the housing units will go down and this will make it easier for the consumers to access these facilities whenever they need them. On the other hand, the weak growth of employment is rendering so many consumers’ income to be very low. This will reduce the consumers’ ability to purchase or take up the housing units and in this case the real estate market will experience a decline in the demand for housing and as the rule goes, the prices of the units will go down to make them affordable. This is a rather tricky situation in economy where the suppliers have favorable factors to boost their production. In addition, the consumers are unable to take up the housing when the price offered by the suppliers is high. Investors in the real estate market can easily come up with a state that is close to equilibrium by lowering the prices of their output through building less expensive housing units. For the consumers, they can take up less expensive housing units by resid ing on the apartments or simply switching to rentals in order to favor each other to ensure the continuity of the real estate market in the economic decline (Barber, Osburn, Floyd 331-354). Barber, Russell, Osburn, Floyd and Floyd, Charles. Real Estate Principle (9th ed.). California: Delmar Learning, 2011. Print

18 to 20 Page Research Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

18 to 20 Page Research Proposal - Essay Example Dropping out Ð ¾f Ã'•chool limitÃ'• oneÃ'• choiceÃ'• Ð °nd labor market advantageÃ'• in an increaÃ'•ingly Ã'•ophiÃ'•ticated economic Ð °nd Ã'•ocial climate; thuÃ'•, an incomplete high school education engenders grave conÃ'•equenceÃ'• for thÐ µ individual Ð °nd Ã'•ociety in termÃ'• Ð ¾f economic impact Ð °nd future productivity (Ð…trothÐ µr, 2006). These negative impacts of dropout rates are heightened when students with special needs are in question because they have disabilities that already act as a handicap when they try to embark on a career. Furthermore, the dropout rates of special education students triple that of ordinary students (Blackorby and Wagner, 2006; deBettencourt, Zigmond and Thornton, 2005). This makes the issue of the high dropout rates of special education students more pressing. That is why it is highly important for the causes and reasons for special education students dropping out of high school to be examined. Sadly, it is only in the recent years that awareness for the drop out rates of special education students have arisen. This is because â€Å"students with disabilities are included in the â€Å"all students† agenda of federal, state, and district standards-based reforms† through the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) (Thurlow, Sinclair and Johnson, 2002). Furthermore, studies that have been conducted that present usable data related to students with disabilities that can be adapted to the present times are very few compared to studies of drop out rates of regular students (Lehr, et al., 2004, p. 13). The fact that special education students â€Å"have been identified as being among the lowest performing students on current high-stakes tests† shows the urgency of the need f or programs that can help them stay in school and graduate. This is the primary reason why there is a need to closely examine the top reasons why special education students drop

Incident at Reception Desk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Incident at Reception Desk - Essay Example I did not use any negative terms, instead I said, When I told him that because of regulations, it was not possible to provide him with what he wanted at this time, he slammed his hands quite forcefully down on the counter top and pushed his body forward, his face really close to mine. I took a step back, he was very angry and his body language was threatening. At this point, he began to insult me in quite a low, menacing tone, calling me a "stupid bureaucratic, pen-pushing moron with no initiative!" whore," and "brainless f..ing bitch". He got to the door, and shouted back that I would regret being so unhelpful, that he would be suing me for my failure to provide the correct public service he was entitled to. He also said I would be hearing from his uncle, P. Bull Terrier, that "even a fool like you must have heard of him!" He banged the door really hard as he left. Two of the members of the public came to the desk and were real kind. They gave Joelly their details and offered to be witnesses in support of the fact that I had behaved politely and correctly throughout. The incident left me shaken and rather nervous, but after discussing it with you and writing it down, this has helped to clarify things. I feel certain that I carried out my duties correctly and have done nothing to bring trouble or disrepute on the department. I look forward to your response.

Interrelationship of the Post-Conflict Resolution Tools Essay

Interrelationship of the Post-Conflict Resolution Tools - Essay Example History cites such evolutional wars as the First World War, Second World War and the Cold War among many others as having erupted from such differences in territorial power, economic empowerment and also political or military endowment of the incumbent countries. Conflict resolution and post conflict reconstruction have been cited as major efforts that characterize humanity in the event of a war or a conflict. Whenever a conflict arises, it is common sense for efforts to be made towards solving the conflict and possibly assuming peaceful relations between the conflicting parties be it nations, regions or even individuals. Conflict resolution is therefore said to be the mechanisms or efforts that are employed to minimize negative effects of a conflict while at the same time increasing the possible positive effects of the same conflict. Therefore, this means that a conflict always brings about both positive effects as well as negative effects. Different tools of conflict resolution hav e been in use over decades in the process of settling disputes that result in the conflicts. These tools are; political, military and /or economic tools. These tools are used at proximity with some of the tools being the best suited over a specific conflict over the others and others being far and least efficient in solving some types of conflicts. However, there are times that interplay of the different tools of conflict resolution and post-conflict reconstruction is best suited. Parties involved such are countries, regions or persons employ economic, political as well as military power to get to the solution of the issues that have caused the differences. In particular, the cold war of late 1940’s to 1990’s have seen the common play of the different tools as mentioned to realize solution to the conflict and reconstruction of the affected countries and regions after solution was found. Nevertheless, common questions as to what extent the different tools of resolution have been used in regard to the post-cold war are interconnected and their success in the purpose intended remains a critical subject of discussion. Moreover, discussions still rage in fire as to whether the tools have been more effective since the cold war or not. If yes, our study wills to justify why and if not then the study will equally find the reasons. Discussion Conflict resolution has been defined as mechanisms that are put in place not to avoid conflicts but rather the mechanisms that minimize the negative effects of the conflict while maximizing the positives resultant from such a conflict. The solutions that are sought as well as the means through which they are sought are considered in terms of being against dominance, oppression, exploitation and violence. The satisfaction of public needs for security, self-determination, identity and the quality of life among other basic needs must be realized in the mechanisms adopted for conflict resolution (Samson Et al, 1-3). Ther e are basic principles that govern conflict resolution tools and approaches. These include but are not limited to: integrative solutions, cooperative endeavor, non-violent mechanisms and proper understanding of all parties involved. While trying to get to the route genesis of the cold war, it is good for

The Impact of the US Economy on the Events Industry Research Paper - 1

The Impact of the US Economy on the Events Industry - Research Paper Example To the customer or guest, as special event is an opportunity for a leisure, social or cultural experience outside the The definition was corroborated by Getz who traced the evolution of the events planning and management as a profession and disclosed that â€Å"events are an important motivator of tourism, and figure prominently in the development and marketing plans of most destinations† (Getz 403).With more organizations pursuing endeavors that focus on a variety of events, it was, therefore, imminent that a categorization of events naturally occurred. From among the events categorization that emerged, the following were noted: local, major, hallmark and mega events (Skoultos and Tsimitakis); and the typology of planned events as presented by Getz who differentiated cultural celebrations, political and state events, arts and entertainment, business and trade, educational and scientific, sport competition and recreational events, and finally, private events (Getz 404). At this point, the definition of events tourism has been clearly established as â€Å"a systematic planning, development, and marketing of festivals and special events as tourist attractions, image-makers, catalysts for infrastructure and economic growth, and animators of built attraction† (Ghazali, Collins and Minnis qtd. in Skoultos and Tsimitakis 2). In different studies, it was clearly established that holding significant events generate marked impacts on the promoter of events, as well as in the location within which these events were organized and implemented. From a more traditional perspective, it was deduced that event tourism aims to spur economic growth and gain profound benefits in terms of money generated from the event (â€Å"expenditure on travel, entertainment, shopping, and pre- and post-conference tours† (â€Å"Labour Market Review of the Events Industry† 29)). Getz, on the other

MEMO style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MEMO style - Essay Example Therefore, Saturday night is a perfect time for me, and there won’t be any inconveniences. Despite my acceptance of this invitation, I still have some reservations. This is basically because you are not clear on the time, your address, what to wear, and what to bring at this party. In your letter, you just mentioned that the party would occur on Saturday night. This is rather confusing, since I am eager to know at what time exactly would the party start, and the time that the people invited should assemble. This information would help me arrive early, at the venue. Another important issue that emerges is the address. It would be difficult for me, to attend a party, that I don’t know its address. It is therefore prudent that you give us the address ton your house. As this is a swimming/barbecue party, I am also concerned into knowing whether you would provide us with the costumes, or not. This would help me in coming up with a decision on whether to come up with my costumes or not. Furthermore, you failed to tell us on what to carry, in addition to the issues that I have mentioned in this

The Impact of the US Economy on the Events Industry Research Paper - 1

The Impact of the US Economy on the Events Industry - Research Paper Example To the customer or guest, as special event is an opportunity for a leisure, social or cultural experience outside the The definition was corroborated by Getz who traced the evolution of the events planning and management as a profession and disclosed that â€Å"events are an important motivator of tourism, and figure prominently in the development and marketing plans of most destinations† (Getz 403).With more organizations pursuing endeavors that focus on a variety of events, it was, therefore, imminent that a categorization of events naturally occurred. From among the events categorization that emerged, the following were noted: local, major, hallmark and mega events (Skoultos and Tsimitakis); and the typology of planned events as presented by Getz who differentiated cultural celebrations, political and state events, arts and entertainment, business and trade, educational and scientific, sport competition and recreational events, and finally, private events (Getz 404). At this point, the definition of events tourism has been clearly established as â€Å"a systematic planning, development, and marketing of festivals and special events as tourist attractions, image-makers, catalysts for infrastructure and economic growth, and animators of built attraction† (Ghazali, Collins and Minnis qtd. in Skoultos and Tsimitakis 2). In different studies, it was clearly established that holding significant events generate marked impacts on the promoter of events, as well as in the location within which these events were organized and implemented. From a more traditional perspective, it was deduced that event tourism aims to spur economic growth and gain profound benefits in terms of money generated from the event (â€Å"expenditure on travel, entertainment, shopping, and pre- and post-conference tours† (â€Å"Labour Market Review of the Events Industry† 29)). Getz, on the other

Travel Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Travel Industry - Essay Example International traffic is slated to grow at 6.1% during the next decade and is likely to slow down to 5.5% over the 2015-2025 period.1 NORTH AMERICA: North America remains the most mature and the largest market in terms of traffic volume. Since it is a mature market the twenty years growth estimates are lower than the world average. However the market was occupy an important position because of the sizeable volume of traffic flows. International travel prospects are more promising than inter regional, therefore the passenger fleet size will enlarge to 7402 units in 2025 from its current size of 4133 units(in 2005).2 LATIN AMERICA AND CARRIBEAN: Agreement between Brazil, Argentinia, Chile and Peru allows for a level of fifth freedom rights.ElSalvador, Guatemala, Hondauras and Nicaragua have moved a step closer to a single Central American Aviation market with an agreement that calls for more relaxed customs and immigration controls. Traffic growth projections for Latin America, for the review period are higher than the world average at 5.3%.The annual average rate for inter regional traffic is anticipated to be 6.1%.3 EUROPE:Inter regional traffic within Europe will remain the second most significant flow accounting for nearly 12% of the total world's traffic within that region. In 2005 Transatlantic load factor stood close to 83%.European traffic growth forecast stands at 4.8% equally the world annual growth rate. International traffic growth is likely to be robust. Therefore Europe's passenger fleet will double by 2025.4 Europe-Asia Pacific traffic flows will increase at 6.0%, with Latin America at 6.0%.CIS and Europe traffic flows will hit a 6.6% growth rate and a strong 7.3% with Middle East. CIS: International traffic flows from CIS will see a 6.8% increase, marginally above the world average rate. Russia dominates the aviation market landscape in CIS.In September 20005, more than 88% of CIS available domestic capacity was with Russia. Strategic destinations for international travel will be-Asia Pacific, North America and Middle East and Latin America.5 AFRICA: Angola and Nigeria are increasingly becoming an important business destination, mainly because of the accessibility to natural resources like oil, gas and copper. India and China besides other nations have struck trade partnerships with these African nations. In 2005, 100,000 Chinese tourists visited Africa, doubling the figure from 2004.Sub Saharan Africa is saw a 13% increase in international traffic inflows in 2005 as against 5% in 2004.6 MIDDLE EAST: Dubai has climbed from the 26th to the 10th position as a global hub over the last decade.Globally, the route exhibiting the highest growth in terms of traffic volume is London-Dubai. Middle East also has a geographical advantage with a 8,000 nautical miles circle around it.Also, the benefit of having three emerging economies (Russia, China, India) in its "backyard" makes it an advantageous location. International traffic growth is anticipated to be 7.2% for the next ten years and 6.3% over the span of 2015-2025.7 Potential for New Markets. BRIC: Vast consumer base and a consistent high growth rate. The emerging economies in Asia with their large populations and buoyant economies are expected to be the most promising

Human resource management Essay Example for Free

Human resource management Essay The hr map can be found on the cipd website. It consists of 10 professional areas, 8 behaviourOur HR Profession Map sets out what HR practitioners need to know, do and deliver at all stages in their career, be they specialists or generalists, working in the UK or internationally. It sets the benchmark for HR excellence both for the individual and the HR function.The Map is firmly rooted in the real world having been created with HR practitioners drawn from every size of organisation and across every sector. Structured around the ten professional areas of HR activity it focuses on the knowledge, activities and behaviours required in the profession today and in the future.It provides you with the means to drive your own career and professional goals and underpins all we provide from our qualifications and membership through to our in-house training provision. core area and they are across 4 bandsHolliday Grainger The two core areas are applicable to everyone no mztter what stage you at with your own hr career. What is the Profession Map and what is its purpose? The CIPD Profession Map sets out comprehensively how HR adds the greatest sustained value to the organisation it operates in, now and in the future. It describes the highest standards of professional competence for the organisation.It captures what successful and effective HR people do and deliver across every aspect and specialism of the profession, and sets out the required underpinning skills, behaviour and knowledge. The Map is used to develop products and services that not only support the profession as a whole but also support and accelerate the professional development of individuals, for example, My HR Map, which is an online self-assessment tool that provides practical recommendations and solutions to help achieve professional goals and support career development.Back to top 2. Is the Profession Map available to members and non-members? Yes. The Profession Map is available in full to both members and non-members.Back to top 3. How have you developed the Profession Map? The Map was developed following an extensive review of the global HR Profession and an in-depth investigation involving detailed interviews with HR directors across all main economic sectors and scores of senior professionals and academics.We investigated the impact of the HR function on the sustainability of business success and as a result the Map represents the needs of the profession today and will evolve over time to respond to further changes and demands in the business and the profession. Based on research and collaboration with organisations around the world, and continuously reviewed and updated with our research, essentially CIPD’s Profession Map shares what the most successful HR professionals know and do at every stage of their career, which is proving to be a powerful tool. A wide range of organisations and HR professionals are now using the CIPD’s HR Profession Map to benchmark and build their HR capability at individual, team and organisation levels.Back to top 4. What are the key components that make up the Profession Map? There are three main sections to the Map:Professional areas There are 10 professional areas within the Map. The two core professional areas Insights, Strategy and Solutions and Leading HR sit at the heart of the profession and are applicable to all HR professionals regardless of role, location or stage of career, whether inside organisations or working with them. For each particular area the Map describes what you need to do (the activities) and what you need to know at four bands of professional competence, as well as outlining the predominant behaviours that you need to exhibit when carrying out the activities. Find out more about the Professional AreasBehaviours Within this section the Map describes the behaviours needed to carry out activities in more detail. Each behaviour is also divided into four bands of professional competence (spanning from entry level to leadership roles). Each behaviour also lists a number of contra indicators which illustrate negative behaviour.Find out more about the BehavioursBands and transitions There are four bands of professional competence to reflect the hierarchy of the profession within the Map. The Map also identifies and describes how you need to change and develop to move from one band to another.Find out more about the BandsBack to top 5. What is a contra indicator? Contra indicators are listed in each of the Behaviours. They illustrate negative behaviour.Back to top 6. Who is the Profession Map for? The Map has been developed with both individuals and organisations in mind. It’s a vital resource for anyone working in or connected with the HR profession.From Band 1 at the start of an HR career through to Band 4 for the most senior leaders, it has been designed to be relevant and applicable to all professionals working across the HR spectrum; so, whether you are a generalist or a specialist (in learning and development, talent, reward, employee relations and engagement, resourcing or OD), wherever you are operating in the world, whatever sector and/or size of your organisation, the Profession Map is for you.Find out how you can use the Map The bands go from1 to 4, 1 being the start of your hr carerr and 4 being the , leader kf the hrfunction involved in long term planning and creation of strategies. The behaviours display each behViour expected from a hr professional. The map is also broken down

Proposed Sun Tracking System

Proposed Sun Tracking System Abstract Introduction The basic design of a solar thermal power generation system is as shown in the figure. In such a system, the major components are the solar energy concentrator, sterling engine and the dynamo (alternator) unit. A parabolic dish reflector acts as the concentrator in this system. To achieve a good performance from a solar thermal conversion engine, it should be exactly mounted on a place where maximum heat transfer is possible. It is the center or the focal point of the parabolic reflector surface. Then only the engine receives the maximum amount of solar thermal energy, which will be converted into kinetic energy and then to electricity. There are two possible configurations for the placement of the sterling engine depend on the surface type of the reflector. They are known as prime focus configuration and the offset focus configuration. Because of the position of the sun changes according to the rotation of earth, the parabolic surface has to be focused to the direction of the sun at all the times. The proposed solar tracking system consists of hardware and software to achieve following capabilities Localization The position of the Sun in a given time can be calculated using mathematical equations based on the time, location, altitude and few other factors. To perform such a calculation, the exact location of the device should be known. Since this device is not mounted on a mobile configuration, it is not hard to find the exact location with help of a map or a GPS device after install in the field. But it is more convenient to use an embedded GPS receiver with this system. This will eliminate the requirement of initial setup and it also capable of providing the precise UT timestamp based on the synchronized satellite clocks. It makes this device a location independent and time independent high precision solar tracking mechanism. NREL Solar position algorithm (SPA) Several methods and algorithms to calculate the position of the sun has been published in the literature of the solar research, but most of them were not precise enough because their uncertainties have been greater than  ± 0.01. Reda and Andreas implemented a new algorithm which is capable of estimate the position of the sun with uncertainties of  ±0.0003 and well known as solar position algorithm (SPA) by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Feedback loop mechanism MPU 9250 IMU In this solar tracking system, orientation of the reflector surface is precisely controlled and maintained by a closed loop control system. Therefore this system should consist of a feedback mechanism to obtain the current orientation of the reflector as the feedback input of the control loop. There are several methods to fulfil this requirement. For example, a read reckoning based method such as a rotary encoder with a known reference point can be used per each axis. But since it increases the mechanical complexity of the system there is a very higher chance of causing mechanical failures and sensor issues. To eliminate this problems while keeping the accuracy in a higher level, a micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS) [] based implementation is suggested. Among the advantages of this kind of devices less power usage, high accuracy, fast response, less complexity and the minimal space requirement are mostly highlighted in this application. Inertia Measuring Units (IMU) are very popular in the fields of mobile devices, game controllers, drone flight control systems and self-balancing toys because they provide the angular position coordinates (Yaw Pitch and Roll) in a very higher sample rates. They are also accurate enough to balance and guide a wireless controlled drone in a very high level of accuracy even in the industrial electromagnetic noise and interference. This devices are normally consist of a gyroscope, and accelerometer and a magnetic compass. To ensure the maximum accuracy in all directions, it is recommended to use 3 axis devices. Theoretically we can say that with the only help of a gyroscope, it is possible to calculate the angular orientation in Euler coordinates, but the problem of using a single device is it may generate very much of error when continuously using in long time periods. It is commonly known as the gyroscope drift. This can be compensated by using a secondary device which corrects the dri ft and it is the accelerometer. This combined sensor based approach is commonly described as sensor fusion. There are several sensor fusion algorithms available in the industry such as Karlmann filter and the complementary filter. In this research, Karlmann filter based algorithm has been used. With the both accelerometer and the gyroscope sensors, now we can accurately calculate the Euler angles of the reflector when the IMU is placed near the focus point of the Parabola. The offset values can be preconfigured to match the exact difference between the sensor position and the focal point. But we need one more reference point to convert this coordinates into altitude and azimuth vectors. It is the north direction and can use a magnetic compass to obtain this parameter. But it also need a very much higher level of calibrations due to the magnetic field variations depend on the situations and the locations. In this research, the nine axis MPU 9250 has used. It is an integrated chip with 3 axis MEMS gyroscope, 3 axis MEMS accelerometer and a 3 axis magnetic compass. It has a 16bit RAW data outputs on each axis and therefore a very high accuracy is obtained.

The Freedom Of Speech -- essays research papers

The founders of the United States government tried to protect our liberty by assuring a free press, to gather and publish information without being under control or power of another, in the First Amendment to the Constitution. We are not very protected by this guarantee, so we concern ourselves on account of special interest groups that are fighting to change the freedom of expression, the right to freely represent individual thoughts, feeling and views, in order to protect their families as well as others. These groups, religious or otherwise, believe that publishing unorthodox material is an abuse of free expression under the First Amendment. As we know, the Supreme Court plays an important role in the subject of free speech and expression, and we need to understand that the court system is the center of the interpretation of our First Amendment rights. There are various reasons given for censorship; a classroom or library may restrict or ban a book or other learning resource because it includes social, political, or religious views believed to be inappropriate or threatening. A movie or TV program may be considered violent, or indecent because of nudity or inappropriate behavior. Also, a song or speech could contain language thought to be vulgar, or ideas and values that some consider objectionable. Although these examples are good reasons for censorship, initiating these steps would unveil a censorship disaster. Looking at all levels of American citizens, some of the peo...

Lovely People Do Stupid Things Essay -- Essays Papers

Lovely People Do Stupid Things How is love to influence our lives? Love-struck people do crazy things to express how they care for that particular person yet it is a long and windy road to these actions. It is down this path that experience spawns and trouble and happiness are felt. Janie Crawford of Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God, shows the road through the steps of her three relationships. These relationships, though not fulfilling ones, conclude in bettering Janie’s search and understanding of life. Johnny Taylor, Janie’s first kiss and gatekeeper to her future, When Janie was sixteen, she embarked on a sexual awakening. Johnny Taylor was a poor young man who lived in the Florida area. Janie allowed him to kiss her over the fence. Unfortunately, Nanny saw everything. With Nanny’s horrendous background of sinful deeds done to her, she wanted the best for Janie. As she saw the kiss, the doors of life opened for Janie and Nanny wasn’t going to have her make the same mistakes that she had. Yet, Nanny had been impregnated under the circumstances of being a slave and this was not the case for Janie. Nanny stated that â€Å"black women were the mules of the world†, but she didn't want Janie to be a mule. She wanted to see Janie in a secure situation before she died, and Logan Killicks could provide that. Janie did not want to marry Logan, but she did so because Nanny told her â€Å"that she would eventually come to love him.† Ironically, Logan wanted to force...

The Scarlet Letter-Analysis of Hester

The title of Chapter 13 is â€Å"Another view of Hester†. This chapter is a discussion of Hester's personality, intellect and character as well as an update of several years she had been passing through. â€Å"Another view† in the title refers to both the changing perception of the Puritan society toward Hester and also the description of her which narrator told. Hester's position in the eyes of the Puritan community has considerably changed due to her kindness and charity. She has borne her shame and sorrow with great dignity. The town describes her now as one â€Å"who is so kind to the poor, helpful to the sick, so comfortable to the afflicted! † Hester has become very active in society. She brings food to the poor; she takes care of the sick. Now the scarlet letter has magical qualities, and myths are growing around its power, more people are beginning to interpret the â€Å"A† on her chest as meaning â€Å"Able† rather than â€Å"Adulterer. †. But this new definition of Hester Prynne is not without a price. Her luxuriant beauty, and the warmth, charm, and passion that she once showed have been replaced by coldness, severity, and drabness. There is no affection, love, or passion in her life. Her humanity has been stripped from her by the severity of her punishment, and her charity and benevolence seem mechanical. â€Å"Some attribute had departed from her, the permanence of which had been essential to keep her a woman. †(160) It reveals that Hester had been afflicted with a conscience, and the letter â€Å"A† is whipping her heart all the time to remind the sin as well as confining Hester’s in an invisible jail. But this jail never confined her thought; actually it became a single space for Hester. Burning by the â€Å"red-hot brand† of the letter, Hester has become â€Å"a bare and harsh outline† of her former self. She has become more speculative, thinking about how something is â€Å"amiss† in Pearl. Her life, having â€Å"changed from passion and feeling to thought†¦ she assumed a freedom of speculation†¦ which, had they known it, would have held to be a deadlier crime than that stigmatized by the scarlet letter. (161) The narrator speculates that, had it not been for her responsibilities to little Pearl, Hester â€Å"might have come down to us in history, hand in hand with Anne Hutchinson, as the foundress of a religious sect†(161) and quite probably would have been executed for â€Å"attempting to undermine the foundations of the Puritan establishment. †(161) To some extent, these changes on Hester were all due to the scarlet letter which has effectively humbled her as planned. In reality â€Å"The scarlet letter had not done its office. †(163)The scarlet letter has not led her to contemplate her sin and possible salvation. Rather, it has led her to unholy speculations, thoughts of suicide and ruminations about the unfair of women. In fact, Hester’s feminist thinking has led her to realize that she needn’t to accept or pay attention to the town’s opinion of her at all—Some believe that her punishment is sufficient and that she should no longer wear the scarlet letter. But she refused to flee Boston when Pearl was an infant because at the time she did not believe that her fellow men and women should have the power to judge her. Now, Hester refuses to remove the scarlet letter—she understands that its removal would be as meaningless as its original placement. It’s her redemption, identity and, she believes, her soul’s salvation are matters that are between her and God. To put chapter 13 here seems unreasonable, however it’s an important turning point of the story. From here on, Hawthorne revealed a lot of Hester’s insight, and told the reason that affects her actions in the future. It makes sense that why Hester talks to Dimmesdale in the forest and decide to run away with him. It refers that Hester Prynne changes from a shameful scared woman, to one that is able and not afraid of what the future has to hold. For seven years, Hester is shrouded in the shadow of the scarlet letter and is weighed down with the burden of guilt and humiliation over her sin and over the public nature of her punishment. If Hawthorne delete this chapter or move it into someplace else, it will be hard for readers to understand and anticipate the following plots. This chapter seems very single, lonely in this book, but it has an effect of connecting episodes, and as well reveals that the scarlet letter the possibility, though faint, is still there.

Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte

Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Bronte is a gothic, Romantic novel that was seen by critics at the time as a controversial text. All though not revolutionary it did contain elements of social rebellion. Elizabeth Rigby from the Quarterly Review labelled ‘Jane Eyre’ an â€Å"anti-Christian† novel and an â€Å"attack on the English class system†. When read from a 21st century context, the novel shows, through the use of various motifs and imagery, the development of one central character. You can read also Analysis of Literary Devices of Jane Eyre Bronte shows Jane’s development, while highlighting aspects of her own social and personal context through the characterisation of Jane’s friends, family and acquaintances. A contemporary contextual reading allows the audience to view Jane Eyre as a character based novel. One critical paper known as the â€Å"Tablet† described Jane Eyre as being â€Å"simply the development of the human mind†. This bildungsroman genre underpins this reading of Jane Eyre. Similar to other Victorian authors of the time, like Charles Dickens, Bronte uses Jane to represent an individual’s search for identity and their adjustment to society. Q. D Leavis wrote that â€Å"the novel is not†¦but a moral psychological investigation†. As such the novel becomes laden with varying themes and ideal and is neither restricted by genre or by political view (much like the human mind) Characterisation is used consciously from the beginning of the novel to show the development of Jane’s individual nature and strength. One of the motifs used to represent Jane’s character is the colour red. A fine example of how the colour gains various meaning as the Jane develops is in the first 3 chapters. While in the first Chapter she is enshrouded by the curtains, which provide here with haven from The Reeds the colour soon becomes one symbolic of anxiousness, fear and anger as she is locked up in the red room. â€Å"A bed supported by massive pillars of mahogany , hung with curtains of deep red damask. † The description of the magnificent bed reflects Jane’s feeling of inferiority and belittlement. However in chapter 3 she awakes to the soft red glow of the fire which provides here with warmth and comfort. Bronte continues to use this theme later on to represent Jane’s passions for Mr Rochester and the wild nature of Bertha. Jane is represented as a strong-willed character with her own opinions, morals and mindset. While she is somewhat repressed by the society and context she lives in, she does not let this limit her entirely. Jane is not afraid to speak her mind even from a young age, nor is she afraid to think outside the conventional framework of society. â€Å"Women feel just as men feel†¦they suffer too rigid a constraint†. All other characters are seen through Jane’s eyes, and it is their impact on her development that is important, rather than their individual personalities. In the early stages of the novel, Jane is seen to be in conflict with Mrs Reed but later in the novel, the maturity that Jane has developed is seen, when Jane overlooks Mrs Reed’s cruelty, and treats her with kindness. â€Å"A strong yearning to forget and forgive all injuries†. Bronte’s use of setting provides a backdrop against which Jane develops from a young girl to an adult. The Five main settings symbolise the stages in Jane’s quest to find herself. The setting traces Jane’s childhood development at Gateshead Hall, followed by her schooling and work at Lowood institution and the development of Jane’s passionate nature at Thornfield. Moor House is then characterised by a moral and religious development of Jane. â€Å"God directed me to a right choice†. This counteracts the critic E. Rigby’s anti-religious reading of Jane Eyre, discussed later. Jane’s development concludes with her reunion with Rochester at Ferndean. Jane’s words â€Å"Reader, I married him†; show her internal fulfilment as she has found a balance between passion and reason and found her place as an individual in society. The gradual development of character highlights the textual integrity of â€Å"Jane Eyre† and enables readers in all contexts to trace the development of a central character. The narrative technique used by Bronte shows the gradual development of Jane as the central character. The first person narrative voice given to Jane enables a closer connection between Jane and her readers, allowing expression of feelings and emotions as her character develops. â€Å"Reader, though I may look comfortably accommodated, I am not very tranquil in my mind†. A duality present in Jane’s narration presents a child’s voice, echoed by a mature and intelligent adult voice of reasoning and reflection. â€Å"I should, if I had deliberated, have replied to that question†. This self-reflexivity is important in showing Jane’s character development. Consistency of Romantic imagery, linking nature and weather to characters, also adds to character development and sustains textual integrity. â€Å"The sun was just entering the dappled east and his light illuminated the wreathed and dewy orchard trees†. The imagery reflects the implications of characters choices and its impact on future character development. In the garden, after Jane agrees to marry Rochester, a storm breaks out and the great chestnut tree is damaged. This imagery symbolises the forbidden relationship that Jane agreed to. Throughout Bronte’s novel, elements of her personal and social context are highlighted, adding depth to her characters and her novel. Religion was significant in Bronte’s personal context, and in the Victorian context. Changing religious ideas, religious doubt, and an increase in non-conformists had emerged due to science and history. While the critic E. Rigby labels Jane Eyre an â€Å"anti-Christian† novel, I believe Bronte is representing religion without taking a clear stance on the issue. Bronte conveys no specific religious message but instead shows more of a general concern for religion, reinforced with religious language. â€Å"No nook in the grounds more sheltered and Eden-Like†. The text does not ignore religion or openly oppose Christianity; rather it represents the contextual importance of religion, while adding depth to Jane’s character development. Feminism is another contextual influence in Jane Eyre. The critic S. Gilbert suggests that Jane Eyre is â€Å"a traditional feminist reading of the Bronte’s†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . This critic has drawn parallels between Bronte’s life and Jane’s life, inferring that Bronte was exploring her contextual feminist struggle through the character of Jane. While there are some elements of feminism in the novel (mostly due to the independent ubringing of Charlotte Bronte) it is not the central theme. As seen from the above discussion, Jane Eyre is about the development of a human mind, with feminist themes simply an influence on Jane. Jane’s feminist comments show her character exploring the social context. â€Å"Women are supposed to feel very calm generally, but women feel just as men feel†. These elements link back to a â€Å"moral psychological investigation† rather than an exploration of feminism. ‘Jane Eyre’ is primarily focused on the development of an individual. The text shows Jane’s development from a child to an adult using characterisation, setting, narrative voice and romantic imagery. Bronte adds depth to characters by introducing aspects of her social and personal context. While critics in the Victorian context label Jane Eyre as a â€Å"feminist novel† or an â€Å"anti-Christian book†, in my contemporary reading it is neither of these things. Its merely the exploration of an individuals development.

The differences between male and female leaders in approaches taken to Dissertation

The differences between male and female leaders in approaches taken to lead organizational change - Dissertation Example The purpose of the paper "The differences between male and female leaders in approaches taken to lead organizational change" is to further investigate and explore the behavioral side of male and female leaders when it comes to implementing organizational change. It helps managers map, evaluate, and overcome barriers that underlie the organizational improvement paradox. It is expected that organizational changes occur with change in leadership style and these lead to performance benefits for a unit as well as for the firm as a whole. Organizational improvement is often hindered by barriers to the change efforts and is more apparent in organizations where the firm has multiple units and levels. Although it is recognized that men and women are more similar than different, the differences that exist along the biological, neurological and psychological dimensions seem to affect both the genders in their performance and leadership in organizations. Thus, this study focuses on researching i f there are gender specific differences in leadership styles and management approaches and how do those differences affect the implementation of organizational change. The importance of this topic has increased due to the growth of female professionals and leaders in the workforce in recent years. The fundamental differences in the ways of thinking and behavior between male and female leaders stem from the nature of genetics, external environment, social and cultural experiences, history and trends, and government regulations.

Deconstruct using textual analysis, two examples of TV or poster Essay

Deconstruct using textual analysis, two examples of TV or poster adverts with regards to black and ethic representation - Essay Example It has often been said in a complimentary manner about media that it is actually reflection of the society but as soon as allegations so severe as racial discrimination is associated with the media, it is quite confusing to determine that what actually is the role of media in developing the standard of social life. To which extent is the aspect of racial discrimination is weaved with our existence? Looking at the advertisements, even if International level corporate houses it becomes clear that people cannot stop themselves from seeing at lives as well as individuals in an unbiased manner. It is not that they always intentionally aim at focusing over those aspects that contain elements of racial discrimination but it is the ill effect of racism that has been integrally related to the essence of human existence, comes out all of a sudden and people even fail to understand that through their creativity they have actually derogated not an individual but a whole community, a total socio- cultural entity. Looking at the current situation and role of media, specifically advertisement in the current society it cannot be said with complete assertiveness that media has acted according to its assumed roles in the context of its ethical responsibility towards the society. Advertisement, as an effective tool of communication between people and industries, is into use since mid 19th century. The late 19th century, more specifically the year 1920 observed drastic change in the field of advertisement. In the recent years advertisement has become completely essential for promotion of a business or of the products created by a particular business house. Influence of advertisement has reached to such a dimension that advertisers and businesses houses are creating a particular brand image at the mass psychological level to increase demand of their products. However, series of debate has

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UAE Courts and Law - Assignment Example The judiciary of UAE is constitutionally independent that also includes the Federal Supreme Court. Ras- al Khaimah and Dubai are not the part of the Federal judiciary of UAE. There is a separate Islamic and Secular law for the criminal court, high court and civil courts. The court system of UAE comprises of civil and Sharia Courts. The testimony of a woman is considered half valuable as that of a man in criminal cases. There is an exclusive jurisdiction present in the courts of Sharia to hear the disputes of families, including cases such as the custody of a child, divorce, guardianship, inheritance and child abuse. Sharia courts that are present only at the federal level listen to the appeals of criminal cases such as certain criminal cases, robbery, driving while drunk and rape. Civil Law Case The Civil Case of UAE against the 17 bootleg killers The reconciliation committee sent this case to the court for both the parties failed to make the decision and reach a single conclusion re garding the claim that was filed by the murdered man’s brother named Misri Khan. He also claimed that he was seriously injured in the fight take took the life of his brother. Thamer Hassan, the lawyer of Misri Khan said in an interview that the judge has approved that their case should be transferred to the civil court. He further added that his client has suffered from serious injury and had nearly 70 percent of disability. The claim registered by Misri Khan had been reduced from DH 1million to DH 500, 000; although the day of the hearing has not yet been decided by the court. The lawyer of the 17 men also recorded his comments by saying that the court was sent to the federal court only because Misri Khan did not settled the claim out of the court. About DH 3.4 million were paid by the killers to the family of the murdered man in order to settle the claim. This money was also paid by the killer to the family of the murdered man and the victim (Misri Khan) in exchange of pard on and as blood money. The death sentences of the murderers have been computed by the court but the prosecutor has successfully registered an appeal against this verdict of the court. The murders have also been facing another suit that has been filed by Misri Khan, who claimed that he has been seriously injured during the brawl (Kannan). This is a civil case that was filed by Misri Khan who was the brother of the murdered man and the victim as well. The hearing of the case is still on pending but the killers of Misri Khan’s brother have been sentenced to death and they have also paid heavy compensation in exchange of pardon. This kind of case shows the supremacy of the civil rights in UAE. In this particular case the family of the victim not only received compensation but the killers were also sentenced to death. This highlights that how just is the Judiciary of UAE that works to provide justice to the citizens of their country. Shariat Law In UAE according to the Shariat Law a man has the right that he can discipline his children and wife as long as he does not leave any physical marks on their body. There was a case registered in October 2010, in which a man was found guilty for slapping and beating his wife and daughter. There were several bruise found on the hand and knee of the girl and severe injuries were present on the lower teeth and lip of the girl. The court claimed that the bruises and the injuries give evidence that the man has abused the Shariat rights of his wife and daughter. In the case of the man’s wife the law of Shariat has definitely been violated as the injuries resulted from the beating were severe whereas the age of the daughter was 23 and she was too old to be disciplined by

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Development of the plan - Essay Example dinate with the different practitioners and with the public health sector for them to come up with a vaccination program which the patients and the general public can access in their pharmacies. With the coordination of the public health sector, the proper vaccines can be set forth and can be recommended for purchase. The overflow from the public health offices can be directed towards the pharmacies in order to de-clog the lines for people availing of said vaccines. In order to set this up in the pharmacy, a corner of the pharmacy can be set aside for the administration of vaccines. The administration of vaccines can first be cleared with the general practitioners in order to ensure that the patient availing of the vaccine can safely receive the vaccine. This corner would have to have a licensed pharmacist or possibly a nurse who can help administer the vaccine. Proper sterile techniques would have to be employed in this corner. A washroom would also have to be available to the medical staff in order to ensure that hand washing techniques are applied by the staff before and after each vaccine is administered. Materials used (disposable) have to be discarded safely through proper disposal techniques. Such corner would also have a waiting area for the patients to wait their turn and for patients to rest soon after the administration of the vaccine. Monitoring of vital signs by the nurse would have to be employed before and after the administratio n of the vaccine in order to ensure that the patients are healthy and have no adverse reactions to the vaccine. There are other newer vaccines available in the market. Vaccines for recently emerging infectious diseases include: H1N1 and meningococcemia. These vaccines are often limited in number and only administered with the coordination of the WHO. The pharmacy has to coordinate its sale and administration of such vaccines in order to ensure that the vaccine goes to the right persons – the high risk patients

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Commercial Aircraft Industry - Essay Example This tells just how competitive an industry really is. A market structure defines the condition of a prevailing market and identifies how it is made up in terms of Perfect Competition: Large number of firms, with homogenous products, characterizes this and therefore there is no specific preference by the consumer for the product. The barriers of entry are low and so competitors exit in and out of the market. Since there is myriad options for the customers, prices are set by customer demand. Consumers and suppliers have a complete knowledge of the market. In an ideal scenario, a perfectly competitive market on one extreme balances a monopoly on the other. In reality, no such thing as a true perfectly competitive market exists. Let us now consider the other popular types of market structures, monopoly, oligopoly, and monopolistic competition. Monopolistic Competition: Monopolistic competition is a market structure in which many companies operate independent of each other in an industry. In monopolistic competition, there are too many companies and so the primary aim is to attract customers to one's own product specifications. In monopolistic competition due to the large number of firms, the companies can enter the market relatively easily since the barriers of entry are less, although more compared to perfect competition. This makes profit margins low due to the long-term equilibrium Due to the competitions; firms drop prices in order to expand volumes. Monopolistic competition has a normal downward-sloping demand curve. The competing companies in monopolistic competition are forced to vary the price rather than set a stable price and hold it. In monopolistic competition, there are many firms vying for control of one market. Each firm offers a different type of product or differentiate their product to achieve that edge in marketing of their products. Differentiation is a necessity to attract consumers by a parameter beyond the price. Monopoly: A monopoly is a market structure in which, there is only one company that operates within the industry. This generally does not exist, since substitutes in some form emerge usually. Unregulated monopolies with no government ties can generally do whatever they want. After all, there is no one else to offer a different sort of service or a different price. Monopoly may be characterized by high influence on prices and output. Barriers of entry are high and pricing strategies are employed to stifle competition. Monopolies are achieved by being the first in the field, by mergers and acquisitions or being a patent holder or by nationalisation. Complacency may be an issue due to the lack of competition, rendering it inefficient and consumers may be affected by the high pricing power of the firm. Oligopoly: An oligopoly is a market structure in which there are a small number of interdependent companies in the industry. In oligopolies, there are few companies so if you were a company and you made some sort of decision, it will

Review of The End of Education by Neil Postman Research Paper

Review of The End of Education by Neil Postman - Research Paper Example The second god is the god of consumership and Postman argues that its general moral maxim is within the slogan that whoever buys things will inherit goodness and those who do not, evil. In other words, an individual is built by what he or she accumulates. Devotion to the god of consumership begins at an early age and it persists until teenage hood. This god has created a theology that cannot be easily ignored. This is because of the fact that it is based on the notion that an individual’s life becomes worthy when they buy things. The third and the last god is the god of technology. This god is very much related to the god of consumership because it serves as a vehicle to propagate the message of the god of Consumership (Postman, 2010). â€Å"The most appealing idea that the world has yet known† is an example of democracy that the United States has fully embraced since its independence. It can be used to win the global unqualified confidence. Democracy is very appealing such that playing hypocrite towards the beliefs we hold and performing official acts of suppression will stifle our own liberties (Harrison, 2009). On the other hand, schools are meant to sell the American dream to the entire world through democracy. In other words, schools are attempting to see whether a rational, stable, and unified culture can be created from individuals of diverse religions, languages, and traditions. However, the idea is most appealing, and there is need to reassure friends of the United States about the idea. These friends have already created notions that may jeopardize the efforts of the United States to sell its idea of democracy. According to a survey conducted by the Fortune magazine, it is clear that the friends do not want to be influenced by the American culture. Europe thinks that the United States is dragging humanity in the direction of dehumanization. For instance, the relations between the Soviet Union and the United States have one

Burn out of social workers in the work place Essay Example for Free

Burn out of social workers in the work place Essay Social workers are people committed to better the lives of others and this is done through varying capacities. Some work with families, children as well as in school while others work in the medical field especially those dealing with mental health. They assist people to amicably deal with domestic conflicts, disabilities, challenging health conditions, economic problems that precipitate housing problems, unemployment as well as issues like drug and substance abuse. (www. bls. gov). Their role in policy making can also not be underscored given their efforts in conducting research and making relevant recommendations as to the best or appropriate strategies. Social workers are also quite influential in the adoption processes as well as single parent assistance. Medical and public health social workers are committed to offering psychological support to people with life threatening conditions for instance HIV Aids and Alzheimer’s disease patients. Social workers can also work in local authorities as well as in government. In pursuit of making the lives of others worth the while, social workers in their respective fields are faced by many challenges. (www. bls. gov). They have to be in constant movement from their offices to where their clients are located and back to their offices where clerical work is done. Most often than not they experience burn outs while in their work a condition that affects their productivity levels. The focus of this paper is to explain why burn out occurs among the social workers, it will illustrate how it occurs, its effects on the organization and thereafter suggest that appropriate solutions to resolve it. The term ‘burn out’ is used to refer to the process or state of mental exhaustion that has a high impact on one’s productivity. In the book Handbook of human factors and ergonomics in health care and patient safety, Carayon presents some signs and symptoms of burn outs in the work place. Burn outs leads to anxiety and lack of zeal. It causes depression and mental exhaustion, poor concentration and memory as well as increased instances of absenteeism and general poor productivity. (Carayon P, 2006). Burn outs are not good for any profession in any organization. They cause a negative impact on interpersonal communication among the various employees in an organization would definitely have a bad effect on the company’s output. (Azar T, 2000). Burn outs increases people irritability and minor issues are magnified and this can be a source of conflicts among the various employees. The overall effects of burn outs are transferred from the individuals affected to the organization as a whole. Organization risk registering high dissatisfaction levels, increased job turn over as well as low morale. In Carayon’s book burn out is defined as ‘the persistent negative work related state of mind that is characterized by exhaustion which is accompanied by distress, a sense of reduced effectiveness and the development of dysfunctional attitudes and behaviors at work’. (Carayon P, 2006). This psychological problem develops gradually and may initially be unnoticed. It arises from the contrast between one’s objectives or intentions and the reality at the job. In most cases burn outs are caused by the adherence of inappropriate or rather inadequate stress coping mechanisms. Prolonged job stress leads to burn outs among the employees in question. Burn outs lead to decreased motivation and creates anti work attitudes. (Carayon P, 2006). Social workers in the various fields experience burn outs while in their work places. This occurs when the organizations they work for fail to meet their high goals and expectations. They feel dissatisfied with their work and this dissatisfaction leads to feeling of disappointment and grief. (Soderfeldt M and Soderfeldt B, 2003). According to a 2006 research it was clear that most social workers are not contented with their work. A high percentage reported high levels of job dissatisfaction and were ready to leave their various organizations. According to them, the value of the work they did was not equivalent to the pay they received. (The Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2006). Social workers suffering from burn outs may feel detached with their clients and this will definitely affect their productivity levels. (Takeda F et al, 2005). Although different people will react differently to burn outs some could isolate themselves and have poor eating and sleeping habits. Others may find solace in alcohol or smoking all of which has a negative effect on their health. The relationship between the social workers experiencing burn outs and their clients as well as with fellow workmates is negatively affected by burn out as it triggers anger. (Lewandowski A, 2003). Organizations suffer economically whenever social workers leave due to the burn out problems. They incur the costs of hiring new employees and training them to be effective. This is made worse by the fact that they have the constraint of scarce resources. Organizations or agencies that fail to address the issues presented by their employees in this context the social workers are more likely to register higher incidences of job turnover which translates to increased costs. (Lewandowski A, 2003). A major cause of the increased instances of burn outs among the social workers is attributed to lack or failure by some agencies to involve them in the decision making processes. The lack of autonomy and the increased bureaucratization in their work place makes them feel alienated or isolated. (Lundy C, 2003). The problems to be handled by social workers become difficult by the day and this demands that the organizations adjust with the changing times if amicable solutions are to be arrived at. In her book, Social work and social justice, Lundy explains that social workers have a challenging job. Financial constraint is a major set back hindering their efficiency or productivity. They have to undergo or rather face job related stress as they try to allocate the minimal resources to match the overwhelming demands. The structure of the social welfare delivery, the mandate of the agencies they work for as well as the needs of their clients also lead to increased stress which precipitates burn outs among the social workers. (Lundy C, 2003). Most social workers are in the job due to a call or vocation to help others and the failure to involve them in the decision making process hinders their effective performance. (Kreisher K, 2002). Great control of funding sources also has a negative effect on the level of satisfaction that social workers derive from their work. The reduced commitment by the government to boost the welfare sector has led to the reduction of funds which makes social work a very challenging profession. (Lewandowski A, 2003). Without the autonomy or involvement in the decision making process they are denied the chance to apply their findings or expertise to directly affect their practice. This hinders the effectiveness of various welfare programs and on not realizing their goals they are frustrated and feel helpless. The ineffectiveness of the sector that they work for may have a direct negative impact on the social workers. They may place themselves in the shoes of their clients who could be victims of abuse or violence and live in fear especially with the knowledge of how ineffective the system is. (Kreisher K, 2002). Given the emerging social and economic conditions, the involvement of social workers in the decision making process would be more of a necessity then a requirement. This would ensure that there is effective division of labor and the work load could be minimized. Workload has negative effects on the employees’ health. This can be backed by a 1999 survey by the Canadian Union of Public social workers which established that increased work load among the social workers in the development services in children aids societies had a negative impact on their well being. To a tune of 87% social workers in the various fields confessed that the increased work load had a negative on their health. (Kreisher K, 2002). Work overload precipitates burn outs. With minimal finances at their disposal, agencies or organizations dealing with welfare hire fewer people than would be required a condition that sees the social workers with a large work load at their disposal. The social workers job predisposes them to risks of physical and verbal abuse and threats at work all of which have negative implications on their mental, physical and social well being. It also has an effect on their job satisfaction levels. In the article ‘Burned out’ Kreisher Kristen argues that the poor pay given to social workers dealing with children and the youth, in the face of the tough economic times has a big role to play in boosting ‘burn outs’ among the social workers. Their job demands are increasing while their reward or pay is dwindling and this is a major disincentive for them. There is need for the welfare organizations to adjust the compensation rates to match the difficult economic times. (Kreisher K, 2002). As Lewandowski in Organizational factors contributing to worker frustration: The precursor to burnout notes disappointments among the social workers have also been aggravated by the fact that their roles or responsibilities have changed and are in contrast with their expectations. Instead of spending more time with their clients in the field they spend more time carrying out clerical work. (Lewandowski A, 2003). For the agencies or organizations accountability is of essence as they are under pressure from the financiers to show how their resources are spent. In other words the agencies are more concerned with the number of people served while the social workers are more concerned with the quality of services provided. The social workers pay is at times affected by gender bias where for instance women dealing with children are lowly paid. (Kreisher K, 2002). The burn out problem can be resolved if appropriate strategies are adopted to help the social workers face the challenges in their work effectively. Prevention of burn out can be handled both at an individual level as well as at an organizational level. Social workers can be advised to take well balanced diets, have enough sleep, talk with their workmates and share their challenges as well as create some time away from the stressful conditions. Social networks are vital as they enable one to connect with their friends and make the stress that they face easier to deal with. Identifying hobbies that would ease the work tension and pressure is also an effective way of reducing the effects of burn outs. Of mush significance is the role of organizations in resolving burn outs among the social workers. Organizations must adapt all inclusive strategies where social workers have a significant role in the decision making process. (Azar T, 2000). This makes them feel appreciated for the roles they play in the organizations. To enable social workers better manage the challenges attached to their work it is important that the social work curriculums be modified to train them on the appropriate ways to handle complex situations. Spending more time training would also ensure that they acquire immense knowledge on how to deal with real life situations. Mentorship programs would also suffice in resolving the problem of burn outs. Strong mentorship where older and experienced social workers share their experiences with younger and inexperienced social workers will provide them with adequate knowledge on how to deal with difficulties while in this job. It will reduce their job stress as they will understand that it is part of their job. Mentorship also provides them with relevant solutions to would be problems while in their jobs. Strong supervision is also vital in ensuring that work load problems that cause burn outs are effectively handled. (Kreisher K, 2002). An organization culture is also crucial in creating or reducing burn out in the work place. Positive cultures must be embraced by all means. Organizations with positive cultures go the extra mile to ensure employee retention. They make them feel that they are part of the organization and involve them in the decision making processes. They also provide financial incentives like paid vacations and health benefits. Team work is also embraced in such organizations and it ensures that job stress does not have adverse effects on the employees. Supportive co workers are essential in reducing job related stress. (Kreisher K, 2002). Organizations must also invest in making the work place safe such that the risks of being physically harmed are minimized. They can train the employees on how to deal amicably with incidences of violence. The effects of social workers burn outs on the individuals, clients and on the organizations are not desirable. The organizations must by all means ensure that employees are retained as increased job turn over sees them lose skilled, experienced and dedicated employees. They must therefore be committed to minimize the job stressors in the work environment to curb burn outs. References Azar T. 2000. Preventing burnout in professionals and paraprofessionals who work with child abuse and neglect cases: A cognitive behavioral approach to supervision. Psychotherapy in Practice, 56, 643-663. Colleen Lundy. 2003. Social Work and Social Justice: A Structural Approach to Practice. Broadview Press. Fumi Takeda. Naoko Ibaraki, Eise Yokoyama, Takeo Miyake and Takashi Ohida. 2005. The Relationship of Job Type to Burnout in Social Workers at Social Welfare Offices. Journal of Occupational Health Vol. 47 (2005), No. 2 119-125 Kristen Kreisher. 2002. Burned Out Childrens Voice Article, July/Aug 2002. Retrieved on 12 August 2008 from http://www. cwla. org/articles/cv0207burnedout. htm. Lewandowski A. 2003. Organizational factors contributing to worker frustration: The precursor to burnout. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 4, 175-185. Pascale Carayon. 2006. Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics in Health Care and Patient Safety. Routledge Publishers. Soderfeldt M and Soderfeldt B. 2003. Burnout in social work. Social Work, 40, 638-647. Social Workers. Outlook Handbook, 2008-09 Editions. Retrieved on 12 August 2008 from http://www. bls. gov/oco/ocos060. htm The Royal College of Psychiatrists. 2006. Mental health, burnout and job satisfaction among mental health social workers in England and Wales. The British Journal of Psychiatry (2006) 188: 75-80. doi: 10. 1192/bjp. 188. 1. 75.